藏密的法器.rar
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 13.15pt;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun; color: rgb(121, 0, 25);" lang="ZH-CN">藏密的法器（基础知识）</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">唐卡</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 唐卡（藏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
than-ka</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）是指裱褙卷轴式的佛画。又译为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">汤卡</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，是西藏密教特有的佛教美术艺术之一。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">唐卡</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的原义是</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">卷起来</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，卷轴画称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">唐卡</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">即在强调其上卷的形式：因唐卡收存有一定的规则，需由下向上卷成一束，若方向相反，则被视为不敬且亵渎神圣。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">唐卡的绘制始于七、八世纪，盛行於十二世纪，相传是源於印度说书人讲故事时悬挂的挂图。其题材主要有画传（如佛传、祖师传、大法师传）、肖像画（如释迦牟尼像、藏王像、历代法王像）、本尊画（如度母像、天王像、金刚像）、史话（有文成公主入藏、达赖五世觐见顺治皇帝等）、民俗画（有百戏、乐舞、祭祀等）、建筑画（如大昭寺全图、修建萨迦寺图）、宗教活动（有跳神、法会、说法等）、器物类（有法器、佛具、乐器等）、动物画等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">修行用的唐卡，其主要作为修行时观想及礼拜之用；亦有庄严用的唐卡，由在家信徒自行绘制，或请画师描绘，然后献给寺院庄严佛堂。也有弘法用的唐卡，即在大市集或寺院的前面，而展现在村人及巡礼者的面前，并由喇嘛或俗人以歌唱或朗读故事教化民众。一般常见的是绘有佛陀的本生传、莲花生大士的传记故事及阿弥陀佛净土等唐卡图像。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">哈达</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 哈达（梵文</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"> kha
gtags</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）为西藏佛教礼敬用品，为一种长条状的丝织品，长度从三、四尺至丈馀不等，有白、黄、蓝、红等颜色。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在西藏，凡婚庆及一般亲友间的往来，或晋见达赖及地位崇高大喇嘛，皆呈献哈达以示敬意。在西藏各种礼节中，</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">献哈达</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">是最为普遍、最恭敬的一种。此外，哈达的颜色及长度，要视接受哈达者的身分而定，凡愈尊贵者愈长，颜色则以白色最尊贵，代表纯洁、崇高。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">食子</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">食子是藏传佛教中，以糌粑或熟麦粉作成，用以供养佛菩萨、本尊或诸神施食众鬼的食品。又称</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">朵马、多玛</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。藏语</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">多</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">字意义为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">放</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，即为供养并献出之义。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">玛</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">字为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">地</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">母</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">之意义，即一切普及，无所不载之谓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">多玛可为供养佛菩萨、本尊的食品，亦可供给恶灵邪魔以驱除之，亦可为灌顶时，作为本尊代表来加持弟子之用。食子有各种形状，而金刚部，尤其是忿怒本尊及护法仪轨中，所使用的多为三角形。后代作食子的技术逐渐发展成一种艺术。相传拉萨地区过新年时，喇嘛寺所作之食子高可盈丈，并以各种彩色图案加以美化。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此外，食子上有酥油装饰品，称之为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">朵马花</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，插有小旗、小伞盖，称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">朵马旗</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">朵马伞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，而安放食子所用的三脚架，则称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">朵马台架</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">八吉祥</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 在藏密中，常见到八种吉祥的图案，称为八吉祥。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 相传释迦牟尼诞生时，天上献上种种供品，此八吉祥即为天人所供，故密乘行人常用此来装饰佛坛，有用金、银、铜等制成者。也有用木制成者，或绘画。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">有说此八吉祥代表佛陀身上的八个部位，宝瓶、宝盖、双鱼、莲花、白螺、吉祥结、尊胜幢、法轮，依次代表佛陀的颈、佛顶、佛眼、佛舌、佛三道、佛心、佛陀之无上正等觉，及佛手。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">宝瓶代表佛陀的颈，因佛法皆由佛陀口中流出，故宝瓶又为教法、教理的表徵。献上宝瓶时，亦代表祈愿众生获得这圆满无上的教义。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">宝盖，代表佛顶，在汉地名为白伞，置於佛陀顶上，能遮蔽风日。伞在古代印度原为贵族、皇室所用，象徵尊贵威势，在此代表行者具足大威势，能除一切魔障，清净吉祥。献上伞盖是祈愿众生离苦得乐。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">双鱼代表佛陀的双目。此代表佛眼慈视众生，故又为智慧的表徵。供养吉祥的双鱼，祈愿消除众生的无明，得到了悟一切的智慧。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">莲花代表佛陀的舌头。象徵佛以广长舌说一切法，使众生都能悟入开示佛之知见。献上莲花，祈愿我们具足利益众生的能力。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">白螺代表佛陀的三条颈纹。佛陀的法音广大悠扬，如白海螺一般清净美好使一切有情入於解脱。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">吉祥结代表佛陀的心，又称为无尽结，因为此结无首无端，代表佛陀心法无尽。此结亦可视为两个</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">卍</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">字交搭而成，因此亦为心脉的表徵。藏密中常以此结为信众佩戴加持。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">尊胜幢代表佛陀无上正等正觉，是为佛教的胜利，故以尊胜幢来表徵。幢在古代表为军队所用，代表胜利。在此代表除一切烦恼魔障，得大胜利，究竟解脱。其呈圆柱形，不像伞一般可以曲张，也有以铜制成，外表鎏金，矗立於殿宇四角。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">法轮代表佛陀的手掌。此象徵法轮常转，而轮之八辐，有说代表</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">八正道</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”——</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">正见、正思维、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定，亦有说代表佛陀八相成道。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在佛寺的屋顶正中央，经常可见法轮的标帜，左右各有一鹿，这是象徵佛陀於鹿野苑初转法轮。《毗奈耶杂事》中记载：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">刻转法轮像，两旁安鹿而卧。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">轮王七宝</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 在藏密中常见到七宝的画像，或是作成立体的供器陈列在供桌上。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">佛典中记载，在转轮圣王出现时，自然会有七宝出现，以辅助该王教化百姓，行菩萨道。转轮圣王是指具足德行及福报的理想圣王。而轮王七宝则是指：轮宝、象宝、马宝、珠宝、玉女宝、主藏宝、典兵宝等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">《大宝积经》卷十四中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">转轮圣王生种姓家，七宝则现。何谓为七？一日紫金轮，有千辐。二曰白象，有六牙。三曰绀色神马，乌头朱髦。四曰明月化珠，有八角。五曰玉女后，口优钵者，身旃檀香。六曰主藏圣臣。七曰主兵大将军，御四域兵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（１）轮宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
cakra</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）：在《长阿含经》卷十八曾提及转轮圣王的七宝与四种神德：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">转轮圣王出世，於十五日，月满之前，沐浴香汤上高殿，与婇女共相娱乐，其时金轮宝忽现在前，轮有千辐，光色具足，天匠所造。轮径丈四，王召四兵礼此金轮宝，随所愿求向东，轮宝即向东转，转轮王率四兵随之，金轮宝前有四神引导，轮宝止时王驾亦止。时东方诸小国王见大王至，皆捧珍宝以示归顺。馀南、西、北三方亦如是。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">这种随心飞行的轮宝，象徵圣王之威德。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（２）象宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
hasti</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）：指白色六牙像。圣王在清旦乘其周行四海，食时得还。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（３）马宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
asva</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）：指绀青色有象力之骏马。能飞行，与象宝同为转轮王之乘驾。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（４）珠宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
mani</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）：指宝珠，有光明照王宫内，如果将宝珠在夜中置於高幢上，则光照一由旬，城中人民皆起身作务，以为是天亮了。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（５）玉女宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
styi</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）：指美丽且具足德行之女。经中说其颜色从容，面貌端正，冬则身温，夏则身凉，举身毛孔发出旃檀香气，口出优钵罗花香，言语柔软，举止安详。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（６）主藏宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
grahapati</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）指宝藏自然生出财富无量。此宝在其他经论中，另有作</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">主藏大臣宝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">者，或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">居士宝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">者。地中伏藏分有主与无主二种；若有主守护之，无主则取之供王用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（７）典兵宝（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
parinayaka</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）：指智谋雄猛英略独决之掌兵大将。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此七宝有用金、银、铜、珐琅制作，亦有用木雕的，为藏密常见之庄严具。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">六拏具</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 在许多木雕、铜鍱的佛像背光上，都能看到祥卷草和各种吉祥动物组成的图案。这些动物可以归纳为六大类，称为六拏具。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 依《造像量度经》所说，六挐具是：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">１、 伽噌拏，意为大鹏，表慈悲。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">２、 布囉挐，意为鲸鱼，上表保护之意。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">３、 那囉拏，意为龙女，表救度之相。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">４、 波囉拏，意为童男，表资福之相。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">５、 福囉拏，意为兽王，一般画成狮子，比喻自在相。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">６、 救囉拏，意为象王，意为善师。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">祈祷石和摩尼旗</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在蒙藏地区的山口路边，常可看到石块堆砌而成的圆锥形石堆，有的可高达二三尺以上，有时石堆也有经咒、佛像，信徒们路过时，都要随手往上添加石块，或石块上也有刻画著佛像、经咒，最常见的是六字大明咒。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在西藏地区并常将一对巨大的牦牛角也供奉於此，角上也刻有经咒，上面还系有各色哈达。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在蒙古地区，这类石块蒙语称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">鄂博</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">或</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">敖包</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，本来是旗界、牧场、畜点、营地的分界标志。由于藏密传入的影响，所以蒙古地区这种大石堆也很多。在没有石块的广大草原上，牧民们往往用枯树堆成一个大鄂博。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在祈祷石或寺院顶上、敖包顶上经常竖立著嘛呢旗，即是以各色布条写上六字真言等经咒，捆扎成串，用木棍竖立起来，称为摩尼旗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">牧民们路过这些地方，都要下马致意，右绕一圈。蒙古地区每年秋天还要隆重地举行祭鄂博活动。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">摩尼转和转轮藏</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在藏密寺庙的屋檐、廓下殿角等处，经常可以看到一排排直立的圆木桶或铜铸的圆桶，高一、二米，木制的多为大红色，上面刻写著六字真言，外有木框、上下有轴，用手轻轻一推即可转动，藏语称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">古拉</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，因它面上写有或内装有六字大明咒，一般人也称之为摩尼桶。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">较小的佛殿宇廓下约有三、五个，大的殿宇回廓四周可有数十百一圈环绕。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">来朝礼的信众，每人依次从转桶旁经过，都要用手推动一下，数十百个轮桶一起转动，嗡嗡之声不绝于於耳。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">其内装写有六字真言和其他经咒的经卷，用手推动一圈，即表示将经咒念了一遍，与诵读相同。转桶转动的方向，是从左向右，即顺时针方向转动。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">除了这类大型经桶，还有小型的摩尼转，是用银、铜金属打造的，上刻真言及浮饰图案，下有手柄，非常精美。桶上还缀有小索炼，用以加速它的转动。藏密行人念咒时，手持此轮，边念咒边转动。因轮内置有佛或菩萨的咒文多遍，他们认为，如果一边念咒一边转祈祷轮，每念一遍，就等于轮内所置咒文的遍数。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">通常轮外铸有咒字，以配合轮内的咒文卷轴。最常用者为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">六字大明</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，即观世音菩萨的心咒，故又称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">摩尼转</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，以咒中有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">摩尼</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">二音也。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">摩尼桶也有利用风力来转动的，一般是安装在屋顶、毡房顶上，用木制或是纸制的。还有水力推动的，甚至还有像走马灯一样转动的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">和摩尼桶的意义相同的器具，在内地寺庙似一座花塔，也是上下有轴，可以转动。因内中装藏经，所以称为转轮藏。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">轮藏是佛寺中之一种可以回转的佛经书架，又称转轮藏。亦即将书架作成八角形的书棚，中心立轴，使书棚得以旋转，俾能捡出所需经卷；此种书架即称轮藏，与民间的走马灯相似。轮藏之制，起自转藏。所谓的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">转藏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，就是转读大藏经之意，这和</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">看藏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">不同，</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">看藏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">是指读经时每天阅读，自首彻尾一字不漏，而</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">转藏</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">则只是读经文中每卷之初、中、后数行而已。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">佛教转藏制度，始创於南朝梁代的双林大士传弘（一称传翕，即善慧大士）。在《神僧传》卷四中记载：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">初大士在日，常以经目繁多，人或不能遍阅，乃就山中建大层龛，一柱八面，实以诸经运行不碍，谓之轮藏。（中略）从劝世人有发于菩提心者，能推轮藏，是人即与持诵诸经功德无异。今天下所建轮藏皆设大士像，实始於此。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">另外，为轮藏设立的专殿，俗称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">藏殿</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。或作塔式建筑，如现今北京西郊颐和园内万寿山之前，有为帝后礼佛诵经之处，正殿为两层楼阁，两侧各有双层八角形配亭。亭内有木塔贯穿楼阁，储存经书佛像。塔中有轴，地下设有机关，可以转动。轮藏首创於江浙一带，故以南方寺院特为盛行，尔后乃推及至北方地区。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五佛冠</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五佛冠是藏密上师修法时，戴著像徵五智如来的宝冠。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五佛冠又作五智冠、五智宝冠、五宝天冠、灌顶宝冠、宝冠。大日如来、金刚萨埵、虚空藏菩萨、诸佛顶尊等所戴之宝冠，皆为五佛冠。宝冠中央有五化佛，用以表示五智圆满之德。修法中，弟子入曼荼罗道场受灌顶时，阿闍梨为其结诵五佛灌顶印言，印行者之顶上、额、顶右、顶后、顶左、灌五智之瓶水，令戴五佛宝冠。既已受五佛灌顶，即表自成大日如来之意。又五佛之配列有二，一以大日位於中央，其四方安置四佛，一则横列五佛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼达盘</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼达为藏密的供器之一，曼达为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">坛城</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的意思。曼达盘即以世间一切珍贵，包括日月四大洲，结成坛城，用以供养诸佛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">精致的曼达盘，则将各种供品形象化，铸成器物，置於盘上；但亦用宝石作为代替。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼达盘是在一个铜盆中布满五谷杂粮，各色石子、贝壳、碎玛瑙、松石、珍珠等等，中部竖立著一座五层的螺塔，象徵著须弥山，即世界。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼达的四层都是中空的环状，以银、铜等薄皮缳刻而成，非常精细，上面镶嵌珠宝，也有用金属丝串珍珠连缀而成，并编织成各色图案，每层依次往上收敛，形成塔形。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">修法时，一面诵念，一面往曼达盘撒上述的碎石珍宝，撒满底层后再放一层，依次将最后一层放上，象徵著祈愿吉祥幸福，将法界供养给诸佛菩萨本尊。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">手鼓</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">西藏密宗的手鼓，俗称嘎巴拉鼓，通常由两片天灵盖骨制成，双面，鼓面以人皮制成。窄腰，腰间系以采带。鼓皮涂以绿色。於鼓腰又系两个小骨锤，手持鼓腰摇动，小锤即击鼓面发声。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">修法时摇鼓，代表赞颂诸佛菩萨的功德，配合金刚铃、金刚杵使用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">除了手鼓之外，藏密中还有一种特殊的鼓：内中曲柄鼓，它的鼓锤是曲如弓形的，鼓的直径约<st1:chmetcnv unitname="米" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" tcsc="1" w:st="on">一米</st1:chmetcnv>，下有一柄，颂经时，僧人自己左手持鼓柄，右手用曲柄的鼓锤伴奏。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">钺刀</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">钺刀的形状类似古代的兵器斧，为修法用的法器。柄端为金刚杵形，下有斧状的刀身和刃口。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此法器多为佛母所用，修法时佛母左手持嘎巴拉碗，右手持钺刀，代表除贪、瞋、痴、慢、疑、恶见等六种根本烦恼。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">钺刀在制作的材质上多为银、铜、木、象牙等制作，手柄和器身上雕饰著龙头、火焰、连珠、卷草等，非常精美，除了法器外，亦被视为艺术品珍藏。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">除了钺刀之外，钩刀也是密宗法器之一，外形和金刚杵类似，但另一端呈尖钩状，中部安有一长柄，在唐卡壁画上可以看到但实物制作较少。钩刀的意义是表如来钩召摄受之德，一切众生入於佛智。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">颅器（嘎巴拉）</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">颅器为西藏密宗修法时，常见的法器之一，是以人类颅骨所制作的容器，共以人骨制，乃是取其无常之意，藏语称骷髅为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">嘎巴拉</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，其器身主要部分，由人颅骨造成，边再镶银或镶金。其上有盖，其下有座，座三角形，铸有三个骷髅，满缀代表火焰的花纹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">颅器有表供养之甘露，或代表一切、福德智慧资粮。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚降魔杵（普巴杵）</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚降魔杵一端为金刚杵，另一端为铁制三棱杵，中段有三佛像，一作笑状、一作怒状，一作骂状。此法器通常为修降伏法所用，用以降伏魔怨。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 宁玛派（红教）的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">普巴金刚</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">法，使用此杵，故又称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">普巴杵</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">黄铜号角</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">为藏密法会时用的乐器，藏语称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">然铜</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，分成三、四节，可延长到<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="1" numbertype="3" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="3" unitname="米" w:st="on">三米</st1:chmetcnv>以上，平时供置在平顶的大殿顶上，吹奏起来可声传数里。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在一些特殊法会上，一般是作为伴奏用的，声音低沉而有力。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">骨喇叭</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">用人胫骨造成的吹响乐器，藏语称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">罡洞</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，长约<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="1" numbertype="3" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="30" unitname="厘米" w:st="on">三十厘米</st1:chmetcnv>左右，是用人的小腿制成的，局部包银或铜。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此法器通常用於驱魔的法会。其所吹奏出的乐音，能驱散一切邪魔。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">嘎乌</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 为小型佛龛，通常制成小盒型，用以佩戴於颈上，龛中供设佛像。密宗行人於出门时佩戴，一者祈求本尊加持，二者於修法时可取出供奉，为随身之密坛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼荼罗</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼荼罗（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
mandala</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，藏名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"> dkyil-hkhor</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">），在古代印度，原指国家的领土和祭祀的祭坛。但是现在一般而言，是指将佛菩萨等尊像，或种子字、三昧耶形等，依一定方式加以配列的图样。又译作曼拏罗、满荼罗、曼陀罗、漫荼罗等。意译为坛城、中围、轮圆具足、坛城、聚集等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">为了修行者观想方便所绘制、雕造的曼荼罗，而有形像曼荼罗，而成为曼荼罗的表徵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼荼罗的梵语</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">mandala</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，是由意为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">心髓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">本质</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
manda</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，以及意为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">得</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">la</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">所组成的。因此</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">曼荼罗</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">一词即意谓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">获得本质</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。所谓</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">获得本质</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，是指获得佛陀的无上正等正觉。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">由于曼荼罗是真理之表徵，犹如圆轮一般圆满无缺，因此也有将之译为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">圆轮具足</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。另外，由于曼荼罗也被认为有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">证悟的场所</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">道场</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的意思，而道场是设坛以供如来、菩萨聚集的场所，因此，曼荼罗又有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">坛</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">集合</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的意义产生。因此，聚集佛菩萨的圣像于一坛，或描绘诸尊于一处者，都可以称之为曼荼罗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">一般我们所称的荼罗可分为四种，称为四种曼荼罗，简称四曼。即：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">１、大曼荼罗：诸尊具足相好容貌的图画，称为大曼荼罗（尊形曼荼罗），相当于金刚界曼荼罗中的成身会。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">２、三昧耶曼荼罗：即示现诸尊的本誓三昧耶，也就是将表示本尊的法器、持物，以图示象徵的三昧耶图绘表示，称为三昧耶曼荼罗，相当于金刚界曼荼罗的三昧耶会。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、法曼荼罗：这是诸尊的种子及真言，或书写种子梵字于诸尊的本位，或以法身三摩地以及一切经论的文义等来表现，称为法曼荼罗（种子曼荼罗），相当于金刚界的微细会。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">４、羯磨曼荼罗：将诸尊的威仪事业铸造成像，形成立体、行为的三度乃至四度空间的行动性曼荼罗，称为羯磨曼荼罗，相当于金刚界的供养会。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 而这四种曼荼罗，一般又各含有三种曼荼罗，即：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（１） 都会（都门、普门）曼荼罗：是各部诸尊聚集在一起的曼荼罗，如以大日如来为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中心的两部曼荼罗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（２） 部会曼荼罗：是某一部会的诸尊，会聚在一起的曼荼罗，如佛部的佛顶曼荼罗，</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">莲华部的十一面观音曼荼罗等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> （３）别尊（一门）曼荼罗：这是以一位本尊为中心的曼荼罗，如释迦曼荼罗、如意轮曼荼罗等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 我们一般所指称的曼荼罗即是以上四种大、三昧耶、法、羯磨曼荼罗。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚铃</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 金刚铃密教法具之一。又作金铃。其中西藏密教所用者又称藏铃。为督励众生精进与唤起佛、菩萨之惊觉所振摇之铃。即于修法中，为惊觉、劝请诸尊，令彼等欢喜而振摇之。其柄呈金刚杵形，以柄之样式而有独股铃、三股铃、五股铃、宝铃、塔铃等五种之别，称五种铃，与五种杵共置於修法大坛上各相应之位置。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">於修法终了，为了奉送诸尊而振铃，称为后铃。铃表示说法之义，如果配以五智，此五种铃即象徵五智五佛说法之外用。除了五种铃之外，天息灾所译之《微妙曼荼罗经》卷五，亦举出九股铃（忿怒变化明王伶）及七股铃（金刚忿怒明王铃）。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在五种铃中，五钴铃是最为重要与常见的。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五钴铃是指具五钴杵形之柄的金刚铃。五钴铃和独钴杵、三钴杵、五钴杵同时盛放时，要安置于金刚盘的中央。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五钴铃的种类依铃身装饰不同，可分为素纹、种子字、三昧耶形、佛像等四类，分别称为：１、五钴素纹铃。２、五钴种子铃。３、五钴三昧耶铃。４、五钴本尊像铃。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五钴素纹铃为铃身上中下只围以带饰之一般性的铃。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 五钴种子铃，是指铃身上刻有诸佛的种子字，一般可分为象徵金刚界五佛的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚界五佛种子铃</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">与</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">胎藏界五佛种子铃</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">两种。金刚界铃铛铃身上刻有</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">□</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">vam</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">），代表大日如来、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">□</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">hum</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">），表阿閦如来，</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">□</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">trah</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）代表宝生如来、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">□</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">hrih</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）代表阿弥陀如来、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">□</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">ah</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）代表不空成就如来。种子字的位置分配，乃是依照顺时针方向排列，表示大日如来的作用具体开展（向下门）。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">一般而言，金刚金刚界铃的身是属于素纹，但胎藏界铃则富于装饰，在以圆圈围绕的梵字中，具有宝相华纹与莲华纹的装饰。上下围以宝珠带，上部有独钴纹，下方有三钴纹，制成莲华座。同时，柄的钴都在握把上附以鬼目，在胁钴的基部上狮面花纹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五钴三昧耶铃，于铃身上刻有诸佛菩萨之三昧耶形的五钴铃。即以三昧耶形来代表诸尊，金刚界曼荼罗九会中的三昧耶会，乃是其基本形成。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">一般三昧耶铃所刻的是大日如来与四波罗蜜菩萨。金刚杵，代表金刚波罗蜜多菩萨，宝珠代表宝波罗蜜多菩萨，莲华杵代表法波罗蜜多菩萨，羯磨代表羯磨波罗蜜多菩萨，三昧耶铃大致上具有与胎藏界种子铃共通的纹饰。铃身的三昧耶形之间虽然素纹者较多，但也有轮宝纹与羯磨纹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五钴本尊像铃，是指在铃身上铸有佛教诸尊，尤其是护法诸尊之铃，常见的有代表五大明王的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">明王铃</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">与代表四天王的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">四天王铃</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，以及以梵天、帝释天加上四天王的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">梵释四天王铃</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚杵</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚杵（梵语</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
vajra</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）音译缚日囉、伐折囉、跋折囉、（左武右我）耽囉、伐闍囉。原为古代印度之武器。由于质地坚固，能击破各种物质，所以称为金刚杵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">密教中，金刚杵象徵摧灭烦恼之菩提心，为诸尊之持物或修法之道具。于曼荼罗海会之金刚部诸尊皆持金刚杵。金刚杵象徵如来金刚之智慧大用，能破除愚痴妄想之内魔与外道诸魔障碍。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚杵的材质，有金、银、铜、铁、石、水晶、檀木、人骨等多种质料，大小如《苏婆呼童子经》中说，金刚杵大小有长八指、十指、十二指、十六指、二十指不等。形状有独股、二股、三股、四股、五股、九股、人形杵、羯磨金刚、塔杵、宝杵等，而以独股、三股、五股最为常见，分别象徵独一法界、三密三身、五智五佛等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">又独股杵、三股杵、五股杵、宝杵、塔杵合称</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五种杵</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。其中，独股杵为最古老之形式，其锋颇长，为密迹金刚二力士所持。此外，千手观音四十手中之金刚杵手及金刚藏王菩萨一百零八臂中之一手亦持独股杵。于五种金刚杵中，以独股杵与莲华部相应，置于大坛之西方，其独锋象徵独一法界。三股杵与羯磨部相应，置於大坛之北方。通常称</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">缚日囉</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">者，一般系指三股杵。五股杵又称五智金刚杵、五峰金刚杵、五锋光明、五股金刚，其五锋系表五智五佛，其中之一锋象徵佛之实智，其馀四锋则为四佛权智之标帜。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚杵中，以七股、三股、五股最为常用。经轨所谓之跋折囉多指三股杵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">除此之外，《微妙曼荼罗经》另举金刚智慧菩萨金刚杵、宝部金刚杵、莲华部金刚杵、羯磨金刚杵、如来最上金刚杵、忿怒金刚杵、微妙心金刚杵等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">羯磨杵</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">羯磨杵（梵</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
Karma-vajra</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）密教法器，由三钴杵交叉组合成十字形，象徵诸佛本具之作业智，属于轮宝。又称羯磨金刚、十字羯磨、十字金刚、轮羯磨，或单称羯磨。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">修法时，大坛之四隅各置一羯磨金刚，以象徵摧破十二因缘之义。此外，亦有以莲花形羯磨台置于大坛四隅者，《一字佛顶轮王经》中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">其四角隔，各画二金刚杵，十字交叉，如是印等莲华台上如法画之。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚盘</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚盘是修法时置于坛上而在其上安置金刚杵及五钴铃的金铜制盘。根据《行法肝叶钞》卷上记七：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚盘形如肉团，三角为心形。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">所言是几近于三角形而轮廓为不整齐的四叶形。盘中的配置，以五钴铃为中心，前方置五钴杵，左右置三钴杵与独钴杵，但因流派不同，置放或有不同。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在《醍醐寺三宝院并遍智院灌顶道具绘样尺寸等》</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">三昧耶戒道具事</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">项目中，提及金刚盘的尺寸：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚盘，足高一寸五分，以毛雕纹打三钴一轮等，横一尺，竖七寸。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 金刚盘的造型有四叶莲华型，另有不整齐四叶的三角形之盘。以棱围绕边缘，盘两肩四叶形的切口有心脏形的透雕，也有无透雕者。盘下左右及后方有猫足形的脚。另一种素纹系统的金刚盘，盘上则无设安置五钴铃的莲华座。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金錍</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金錍又称为金箆，亦称为金铸、小金刚杵子。本来是古印度治疗眼疾之工具。在密教入门式的灌顶中，阿闍梨用来替受法者开眼，同时也用于佛像的开眼供养。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">根据《大般涅盘经》卷八记载：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">佛言：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">‘</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">善男子为治百盲人之目，故造诣良医。是时，良医即以金錍决其眼膜。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">’”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在《大日经疏》卷九中记载：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">佛为汝决除无智之膜，犹如世之医王善用金铸。西方（印度）之治眼法，以金为箸，两头圆滑而中细，形如杵，长可四五寸许。用时以两头涂药，各用一头入一眼之中而涂之。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">如此而对金铸的用途及形态皆做了具体的说明。这种治眼之工具，被用为象徵性的法具，用以开启被障蔽之智眼。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">有关在灌顶仪式中的使用法，根据《阿娑缚抄》卷一的记载：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">右手横持錍，先以右头拭右眼，次以左头拭左眼，而后，授毕弟子之双目而说偈曰：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">‘</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">佛子，佛为汝决除无智之膜，犹如世之医王，善用金筹。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">’</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">偈毕，师取錍置於本所。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金錍的形态有独钴杵前端附以宝珠者，把手的鬼目部分分为三段者、一段者、或钴部为八角形者。如果只有一端有宝珠者，则称为片珠金錍，两方有宝珠者称为双珠金錍，分为以上两种。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">象炉</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">又称香象、象香，为象形香炉，是密法中净身的器具。香象是指发情期之象，</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">gaja-mada</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">之汉译，发情期的象会从太阳穴分泌芳香的粘液，其力量勇猛，为一般象之千倍，以此来比喻行者之勇健。象炉使用於阿闍梨接受</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">传法灌顶</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的道场，将它置于灌顶道场的入口，受者跨越而过，以此净身。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在日本的《灌顶道具本记》的手抄中有说明：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">其样式长一尺四寸；高八寸三分；地盘一尺三寸；宽七寸一分，背有铜返华，涂灭金，花实十个，从此出烟。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">同时，又叙述：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">座书蔓草，红底，背有铭文。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">阏伽桶</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">盛阏伽之桶。阏伽（梵语</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
argha</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">），系指水之意，也译为功德文、功德。阏伽桶是指盛阏伽之桶。在印度款待客人时，首先用水。在《众许摩诃帝经》卷三中记载，阿私陀仙人求见初出生的世尊，净饭王以上宾待之：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">王相见毕，欢喜无量，请就床座而献阏伽水，作乐，设食作种种供养。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">这种习俗被引入佛教，尤其是密教，使阏伽的供养成为六种供养之一。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">《大日经》</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">具缘品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">></span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中，对阏伽、涂香、华鬘、烧香、饭食、灯明等六种有所说明，并配以六波罗蜜。在密教修法时，施行两次阏伽供养，亦即是在前供养时供养火舍右侧的洗足水，以及后供养时供养火舍左侧的漱口水。所谓洗足水，是供养本尊洗足的水，亦即是让远道而来的客人洗足之水。漱口水相当於宴客后让客人用以漱口之水。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">为汲阏伽而有专用的井，称为阏伽井。由于阏伽要经常保持清净，不可以杂用水充当，因此在大寺院掘有阏伽井。在《显密威仪便览》中，有规定从阏伽井汲水的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">阏伽汲作法</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">阏伽一般为金刚制，高及口径均为十至十五公分左右的圆筒形，上面附弦。在《和汉三才图绘》中叙述：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">阏伽桶是大为三寸馀的铜器，具有平弦。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">胴侧及底略带圆形突起，穿以二至三条绳子，附有底台。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">法螺</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">法螺（梵</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
dharma-sankha</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）为密教常用的法器。译为商、珂贝，又称为法赢、宝螺、金刚螺、蠡、蠡贝、螺贝等。乐器之一种，在卷贝的尾端装上笛子而成。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在经典中常以法螺之音悠扬深远来比喻佛陀说法之妙音，如《法华经》</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">序品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">></span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">今佛世尊欲说大法，雨大法雨、吹大法螺。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">如《无量寿经》卷一以</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">扣法鼓，吹法螺</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">比喻佛说法之庄严。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">而法螺实际上也是佛事中所使用的法器之一。在卷贝的尾端附笛制成，状似喇叭。在《洛阳伽蓝记》卷五记载，乌场国有早晚吹法螺以礼佛的习俗。《广清凉传》卷上记载，五台山大孚灵鹫寺启建法会时，即以法螺、箜篌、瑟琶齐奏。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在密教之中，是灌顶所必须的法器之一。如《注进醍醐寺三宝院并遍智院道具绘样等三昧耶戒道具事》记载：灌顶所用的法螺为白色，长须五寸二分。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在《略出经》中记载，灌顶时，上师应授以商佉，告言作是，从今以后，汝应转动诸佛之法轮。当吹无上之法螺，遍传大法声於一切处。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">关于法螺的功德在《不空羂索神变真言经》第一八卷中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">若加持螺，诸高处望，大声吹之，四生之众生，闻螺声灭诸重罪，能受身舍已，等生天上。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">而《千手千眼观世音菩萨广大圆满无碍大悲心陀罗尼经》则说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">若为召呼一切诸天神，当用宝螺手。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">表示为召集众神的鸣示。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚线</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">指密教三摩耶戒坛上授与灌顶者的修多罗（线），或缠於修法坛金刚橛上的索。由青、黄、赤、白、黑等五色线搓合而成，并於两线之结合处作三个金刚结，故通称金刚线。但也有说前者为金刚线、护身线或神线；后者为坛线。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在密教之中，五色象徵五佛、五智，或信、进、念、定、慧五法，此五法贯摄一切教门。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">《大日经疏》卷五中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此当作金刚线法，凡作廷，当择上好细具缕，香水洗之极令清净，令洁净童女右合之，合五色缕，当用五如来真言各持一色，然后以成办诸事真言总加持之。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">造漫荼罗廷亦尔。五如来色者，谓大日佛加持白色，宝幢持亦色，花开敷持黄色，无量寿持绿色，鼓音佛持黑色。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">阿闍梨先自取廷三结，作金刚结，用系左臂，护持自身，次一一为诸弟子系臂，如是摄受弟子，则入漫荼罗，是离诸障难也。其金刚结法不可缕说，当从阿闍梨面受之。复次五色延者，即是如来五智，亦是信、进、念、定、慧五法，以此五法贯摄一切教门，是故名为修多罗，古译谓之延经也。若见谛阿闍梨，能以如来五智，加持弟子菩提心中五种善根，贯摄万行系持於瑜伽之臂，使经历心中五种善根，使经历生死常不失坏。若能如是摄取弟子，乃名善作金刚结。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">而《大日经疏》卷十五中说明五色之象徵意义：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">白是信义，黄是精进，赤是念，黑是定，青色同於涅盘色。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">护摩炉</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">护摩炉（梵名</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
kunda</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）又作君荼，意译火炉或护摩炉。指密法用於护摩之火炉。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">密教的护摩法，是一种能够迅速得到本尊加持，使所求愿满的修法。也被列为东密四部加行之一，即密教行者接受传法灌顶成为正式的弘法阿闍梨之前，必须修学之法。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">护摩（</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">homa</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">），又作护魔、户摩、呼魔、呼么等，意义是将供物投入火中供养。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">护摩法，源於婆罗门教供养火神阿耆尼，以为驱魔求福之作法，事火婆罗门在火神的祭祀中，将供物投入祭坛之炉中，火焰表示入於诸佛之口中，诸神依此得力以降伏诸魔，而赐福予人们。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在此，佛教将其内涵，加以转化升华，依法性意义融摄之，并成为密教的重要修法。在《大日经疏》卷二十中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">护摩是以智慧之火焚烧烦恼的薪柴，使其穷尽无馀。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">而在《尊胜佛顶真言修瑜伽轨仪》卷下则说，护摩者就如同为火天一般，火能烧草木森林，使其无有剩馀，所以智火也是如此，能烧除一切无明，无不穷尽。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">密法中行护摩，应先造四肘坛，高一搩手，中凿军荼径圆一肘，深十二指，两重作缘，内缘高阔口一姆指，外缘高阔各四指。底正平，以泥作轮像或跋折囉（独钴杵）相。柄向南出，作丁字形，柄长四指，阔亦四指。横头长八指，高阔各四指。又外作一土台，形如莲华。比外应敷师子座，又於军荼周围敷吉祥草，为圣众之位座。如果无法凿造军荼时，即以赤色画其形状，其中安火炉为法。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">密教的护摩法，可分为息灾、增益、降伏、钩召、敬爱等五种法。所用火炉之形状亦不相同，如《金刚顶瑜伽护摩仪轨》中所说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">我今说军荼，依瑜伽相应。息灾炉正圆，应当如是作。增益应正方，三角作降伏，金刚形军荼，钩召为最胜，长作莲花形，敬爱为相应。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">护摩杓</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 护摩杓是密教修护摩法等所使用器具。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 此物有大小二种，大杓又称注杓，用于将供物注入炉中；小杓又作泻杓、祭杓，用于将苏油等供物泻入大杓，或直接泻入炉中。在《金刚顶瑜伽护摩仪轨》中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">我今次应说注杓、泻杓相。於此作成就，持诵者速获。注杓一肘量，佉木令坚密，无孔穴应作，口应妙端严，横当四指量，深量用一指，形如吉祥子，於中三股杵，应令极端严，柄围足人把，近口两柄末，应作莲花文。泻杓长及圆，并及刻镂文，皆如注柄相，木亦如前说。或用佉陀罗，口用禅上节，旋匝为其量，横应一寸馀，深量当半之，於中作莲花，亦或金刚杵。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此中，注杓的一肘量者，即杓与把柄之总长，为一尺八寸。现时多以熟铜作杓、木作柄。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">吉祥子，古传为柘榴果。依《瑜伽护摩轨》所说，则大杓为柘榴果形，以柘榴果含容多实，表金刚萨埵之万德具备；杓内所刻三钴杵，为金刚萨埵之三摩耶形，即标示心、佛、众生三平等之净菩提心。小杓为圆形，象徵圆满之佛德。杓内刻八叶开敷之莲华形表胎藏大日，或刻金刚杵（即五钴杵）表金刚大日；一传画有轮宝，是即大日之三摩耶形，表普门之果德，大杓表金刚萨埵之因德，因此大杓不得直接酌苏油等供物，必先以小杓酌之，后供大杓。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 为了方便放置护摩，在行者的右方多会放置名为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">杓休</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">、</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">杓安</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">的杓皿。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">宝瓶</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">宝瓶是用来盛五宝、五香、五药、五谷及香水等，以供养佛菩萨等的器具。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">迦罗奢，又作羯罗舍、羯蘖赊、迦蘖始，意译宝瓶、贤瓶，或略称瓶。《大日经》卷二</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">具缘品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">></span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">次具迦罗奢，或六或十八，备足诸宝药，盛满众香水，枝条上垂布，间插华果实，涂香等严饰，结护而作净，系颈以妙衣。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">其种类，依瓶劲所附之瓶带颜色而分，有青带瓶、黄带瓶、赤带瓶、白带瓶、黑带瓶等。又，此瓶因能生福满时、如意满所愿，故亦称德瓶、功德瓶、如意瓶、满瓶等。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">瓶中盛装五宝、五谷、五香、五药等二十种香药</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，五瓶香水表如来之五智。系在瓶颈的彩帛（瓶带）颜色不同，其安置之次第亦异。如金刚界坛以白带瓶置於中央，赤带瓶置於北。胎藏界坛则以白带瓶置于中央大日座，黄带瓶置於南，青带瓶置於西，黑带瓶置於北。胎藏界坛则以白带瓶置於中央大日座，黄带瓶置於西南，赤带瓶置於东南，青带瓶置於西北，黑带瓶置於东北。配置时，有始自东北或东南之别，始自东北者，称丑寅瓶；始自东南者，称辰已瓶。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在传法灌顶之道场，结诵大日、普贤、弥勒、除盖障、离诸恶趣之印言时，顺次加持白、赤、黄、青、黑带五瓶（称五瓶加持），后由大坛移至正觉坛（小坛）时，取瓶於曼荼周围行道三匝（称五瓶行道），然后以瓶中香水次第洒在受者顶上。亦即诵大日真言时，洒白带瓶之水於受者顶上；诵普贤真言时，洒赤带瓶之水於受者之顶右；诵弥勒真言时，洒黄带瓶之水於受者之额上；诵除障碍真言时，洒青带瓶之水於受者之顶后；诵离诸恶趣真言时，洒黑带瓶之水於受者之顶左。此仪式即表洒五智法水，使受者成为佛灌顶之法王子。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">依《一切如来大秘密王未曾有最上微妙大曼拏罗经》卷一载，最上等之瓶，量高二十指，腹阔十六指，颈高五指，口宽八指。瓶之种类有金、银、铜、玻黎、铁、木、瓦等七种。其中，息灾、增益及灌顶应用金瓶、玻黎瓶、瓦瓶，降伏调伏及阿修罗法应用铜瓶，诸忿怒法应用银瓶、铁瓶、木瓶。又，息灾法用白色瓶，增益法用黄色瓶，敬爱法用赤色瓶，降伏法用极黑色瓶。瓶带的颜色应与瓶色相同。降伏法所用之瓶，其劲较细，象徵吉祥。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">瓶的种类，依其材料有许多种，如《一切如来大秘密王未曾有最上微妙大曼拏罗经》卷一举出金瓶、银瓶、铜瓶、玻黎瓶、铁瓶、木瓶、瓦瓶等七种；《摩诃僧祇律》卷十六亦举麨瓶、石灰瓶、监瓶、草屑瓶、石蜜瓶、埿瓶、屑末瓶、酥瓶、油瓶等名称。此外，胡瓶系胡人所作，瓶顶仿照金翅鸟头，如千手观音四十手中所持者即是。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">丸香</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 丸香是密教修护摩法时所用的供物之一。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> 在《建立曼荼罗护摩仪轨》中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">丁香、白檀、沈、熏陆、龙脑香、荳蔻、白芥子及以苏合香，半末半为丸，丸以苏蜜和。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">於修护摩法时，投入炉中，以为供养。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">密教护摩法中之供物，各自象徵不同的意义，此丸香象徵总集烦恼，投入火中燃烧表示智火烧尽贪烦恼。在与贪、瞋、痴三毒的配置方面，有人将切花、散香配属贪、痴；而由於丸香其体各别，无和合之相，因此被取与瞋相配。或有说散香表散乱的烦恼，而丸香表结使之烦恼。或云丸香表烦恼、菩提和合一体之义。在与六度相拟配时，则与散香共表精进度。一日三时烧百八丸，意为烧尽百八烦恼。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">除了丸香之外，还有所谓的</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">五香</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">，又可分为以下几种：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN"> １、密教作坛时，与五宝、五谷等一同埋於地中的五种香：指沈香、白檀香、丁香、郁金香及龙脑香。《建立曼荼罗及拣择地法》中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">又取五种香，所谓檀香、沈香、丁香、郁金香、龙脑香。已上宝谷香药等各取少许，共置一瓷合中，或於瓷瓶中，或金银器中盛之，以地天真言加持一百八遍，埋於坛中心。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">２、为成就诸真言所备办的五种坚香：指沈水香、白檀香、紫檀香、娑罗香、天木香。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">３、通用於三部（即佛部、莲华部、金刚部）的五种香：《苏悉地羯囉经》卷上</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">分别烧香品</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">></span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">复有五香，所谓砂糖、势丽翼迦、萨折囉娑、诃梨勒、石蜜，和合为香，通於三部一切事用。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚橛</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">金刚橛（梵文</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">
vajvakilaka</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">），译音为伐折囉枳罗迦，为立於修法坛四隅的小柱，又称四方橛、四橛。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在《苏悉地羯囉经》卷中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">宜以佉达罗木作橛四枚，其量为二指。应折忏其一头，如一股杵（中略）钉在四角，稍露橛头。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在《蕤呬耶经》卷中，叙述曼荼罗的造立法：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">四方已定后，又量角络（对角线）。校正毕，复量中心。在其中心打一橛子，在其他四角各置一橛。在第二院及最内院，四角各置一橛。（中略）应取乳木作橛子，头应如金刚。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">《陀罗尼集经》卷三中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">应以佉陀罗木作橛四枚，各长八指。（中略）宜钉四角。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">八指约<st1:chmetcnv tcsc="1" numbertype="3" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="20" unitname="公分" w:st="on">二十公分</st1:chmetcnv>。在《仁王护国般若波罗蜜多道场念诵仪规》中更进一步地说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">檀之四角应钉佉陀罗木之橛，若无此木之橛，铁、紫檀木之橛亦可。长应为十二指，四指入地。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">在日本使用木檀，橛之长度为二一至三四公分。橛中作柄，立於檀之四隅。其形态是在轴中央附以鬼目，上下饰以带所系住的莲华，以上下为钴，钴部为六角或八角，素纹之钴者称为金刚界橛，饰以细长莲瓣者称为胎藏界橛，此外，钴的前端饰以宝珠或莲华之蕾。其中饰以宝珠者，用于灌顶，而素材方面，和经说明所列的传达罗木不同，以金铜制者较多，木制者次之。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.15pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">法轮</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">法轮（梵语</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">dharmacakra</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）为佛法的代表性标帜，在密教的法具中，置於大坛上，与金錍、镜、法螺、五钴置於灌顶坛。法轮有以下三种意义：（１）摧破之义，因佛法能摧破众生之罪恶，犹如转轮圣王之轮宝，能辗摧山丘严石，故喻之为法轮。（２）辗转之义，因佛之说法不停滞於一人一处，犹如车轮辗转不停，故称法轮。（３）圆满之义，因佛所说之教法圆满无缺，故以轮之圆满喻之，而称法轮。《大智度论》卷二十五中说：</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">佛转法轮，一切世间天及人中无碍无遮。（中略）遇佛法轮，一切烦恼毒皆灭。（中略）一切邪见、疑悔、灾害皆悉消灭。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">轮宝的基本形态是象一车轮的形状，车轮的车轴装入毂、辐、辋、锋等四部。辐是毂放射出来的肘木；辋是外轮；锋是具有武器功用的钴，在辋外部的数目与辐同。依照教说，辐的数目有四、五、六、八、一二、一ＯＯ及一ＯＯＯ等各种。辐制成独钴形，以莲瓣来装饰基部；毂多为八叶莲花，但也有十六瓣莲花或菊花瓣；辋则大致可区分为四种花纹，如重圈带、珠文带、菊瓣带、菊瓣等，和珠文并用；锋有三种，独钴杵的前端突出辋外的形状，叫做</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">八锋轮宝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">；将辋外围成八角，附上刀刃者，叫做</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">八角轮宝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">；此外，使三钴形向外突出者，称为</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">“</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">三钴轮宝</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US">”</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">。</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">此文转载于佛教天地，在此致谢。</span><span style="" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
[ 本帖最后由 慕羲 于 2008-12-9 17:45 编辑 ] 以一切行無常故，一切諸行變易法故，說諸所有受悉皆是苦 阿弥陀佛 功德无量 謝謝分享!
法器有很大的作用! 阿弥陀佛 功德无量 为乐故愿生，亦当不得生也 阿弥陀佛 功德无量 不知能否提供图片？谢谢 有图就更好了
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