《楞严》十仙与气功修练
<P><FONT face=宋体><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" > 仙,是中国古代传说的一种超脱尘世、长生不死并有神功异能的特殊人物。《说文》释云: </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >仙,长生仙去。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >《释名·释长幼》云: </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >老而不死曰仙。仙,迁也,迁入山也。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >道教特以修炼成仙为信仰,孜孜追求者代不乏人。葛洪《神仙传》云: </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >仙人者,或竦身入云,无翅而飞;或驾龙乘云,上造天阶;或化为鸟兽,浮游青云;或潜行江海,翱翔名山。或食元气,或茹芝草,或出入人间而人不识,或隐其身而莫之见。面生异骨,体有奇毛,率好深僻,不交流俗。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >把仙人的神奇不凡和孤僻性情描写得活灵活现。史传及道书中,留下了一批仙人的传说,信仰者认之为真,不信者斥之为妄,是实是虚,殊难武断。唐宋以来,道教内丹派宣扬五种仙说,其中最低的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >人仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,不过指气功有成而得祛疾延龄者,高一等的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >地仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >可长生住世、不畏寒暑,更高一等的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >神仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >则有了神通异能。这几种仙人,从今日气功修练的实效和特异功能现象看,不能说它是虚妄的。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >无独有偶。在古印度,有所谓 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >哩师</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >(Rsi)者,与中国所说仙人相类,佛典中译之为仙。婆罗门教、印度教说有天侧、梵仙、王仙、大仙、至上仙、多闻仙等,一般说仙,指在山林中修行而获得智慧神能的人。佛典中也往往把佛尊称为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >大仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,道教则称佛为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >金仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。佛教密宗有谓 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >悉地持明仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >者,为密乘行者所成就的一种功果,有专门修此的密法。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >佛教显教则一般以仙为外道凡夫,不事追求。佛教说有五道或六趣众生,独有《楞严》一经,说有七趣,在一般所说天、人、阿修、罗、鬼、畜、地狱六趣外,加一仙道,说有十种仙。其修练的方法,则与印度教、道教的炼养之道不无瓜葛,其中颇多与现代气功功法有渊源关系或相类者。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第一 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >地行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固服饵而不休息,食道圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。秦汉言仙道、道教的服饵术,即属此类。道教书中有服饵法多种,堪称该教独擅之术。由此成就之仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“ </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >地行 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,大略当于道教所云 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“ </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >地仙 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,乃不离于地、尚未能飞空走雾之故。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第二 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >飞行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“ </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固草木而不休息,药道圆成 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此谓辟谷食而服用草木类药物,道书中列其方百数十种,常有者有白术、茯苓、参、黄精、胡麻、松柏叶、天门冬、远志等。《抱朴子》称此类药物为仅可养性延命的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >中药</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,长期服用可成地仙。《楞严》谓由此而成 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >飞行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,当以能飞行而得名。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第三 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >游行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固金石而不休息,化道圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此谓以五金八石等矿物质烧炼化合,而成丹药,道教称为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >金丹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >、 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >神丹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,尊为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >上药</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。印度教亦有此类方术。由此而成的仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >游行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,盖谓其能漫游于仙山海岛,不住于人众间。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第四 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >空行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固动止而不休息,气精圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。动止,即印度教瑜伽之 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >炼体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >、道教之 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >导引</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,肢体俯仰屈伸摇动,模仿禽兽之动作,今风和的气功动功,如鹤翔桩、大雁功、龟蛇功等,皆属此类。佛教密宗也有此术,称为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >拳法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。由此而成的仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >空行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,谓能腾空凌虚,佛教密宗所谓得 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >飞行悉地</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >是也。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第五 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >天行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固津液而不休息,润德圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此即咽津纳唾,《黄庭经》所谓 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >玉池清水灌灵根,审能修之可长存</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >者,亦属道教独擅之术。今气功界亦甚流行。经谓由此所成之仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >天行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,盖升天之意。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第六 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >通行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道是“坚固精色而不休息,吸粹圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此谓炼化精气、采补阴阳、吸收天地日月精华之术。印度教军荼利瑜伽、道教内丹皆属此类。今气功界尊之为上乘功法。由此而成者名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >通行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,谓具有神通,能 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >出神</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >漫游多维世界。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第七 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >道行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固禁咒而不休息,术法圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。印度教曼陀罗 <SPAN lang=EN-US >(真言)瑜伽、道教咒术,即属此类。佛教密宗,亦持明咒。今气功界流行的默念字句入静法、听音入静法,实即持咒法改造而成。由此所成仙名 </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >道行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >者,谓有道术也。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第八 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >照行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固思念而不休息,思忆圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此即观想入定之道,道教名曰 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >存思</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >、 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >存神</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,以想象某种形相为门径,印度教、佛教、道教皆有此术,今气功功法中亦常见之。由此所成仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >照行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,谓其想象力、意念力特大,能随想即现。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第九 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >精行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固交媾而不休息,感应圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此谓男女双修、阴阳交感之术,印度教 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体" >呾 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >特罗瑜伽、道教阴阳派丹法及房中术,即属此类。佛教密宗无上瑜伽母部法,亦有此事。由此所成仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >精行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,盖固精不泄、还精补脑之意。<BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >第十 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >绝行仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,修炼之道为 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >坚固变化而不休息,觉悟圆成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >。此谓观想内外形相变化,以修成神变通。印度教、佛教、道教皆有此术。由此所成仙名 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >绝行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ascii-font-family: 宋体" >” </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman" >,盖谓其行止神绝,奇异莫测。<BR></SPAN></FONT></P> 经言:此十种仙, “休止深山,或大海岛,绝于人境。” 今深山海岛之中,是否还有此类仙人隐遁,无从得知。然其修炼之道中,前三种服饵丹药,古人实践者颇多,尤其烧铅炼汞以飞丹,曾盛极于有唐,而服丹者多非病即夭,岂其方法之不当所致? 佛教密宗,亦有炼药之法,高推 “药力不可思议” ,其术与道教颇异,据称印度得 “仙丹悉地” 者不乏其人,但亦未闻有活到今日者。第四至第十种仙道,皆与气功有关,尤导引、咽津、存想、炼精、听音等,皆今气功界流行的功法,由此而治病健身、却老益智,乃至延年益寿,已证据确凿,不容置疑。然寿千万岁者无闻,飞空神变者亦极罕见。经云:十仙成就,皆由 “坚固” 、 “不休息” ,全力以赴,锻炼不休。然气功修练者中,如此精进不已者难得,抑或其方法有问题,故成就仙果者罕见呢 ?此姑不论。即使得其道,坚固、不休息,修炼成仙,在佛家看来,亦非正道。《楞严》称此类人 “不依正觉修三摩地,别修妄念,存想固形” ;又说: “是等皆于人中炼心,不修正觉。” 虽然我能 “别得生理,寿千万岁” ,乃至得神通自在,变化无方,但 “斯亦轮回妄想流转,不修三昧,报尽还来,散入诸趣。” 即使诞寿至千万岁,终归难免一死,不能超出门道轮回。故修仙炼形,为佛家所不提倡。即由佛道或佛家密法修行,得长寿、神通,形同仙人,密宗所谓达 “过五通仙人地” 者,其所修之道,所持之见,也与仙道异辙。佛门古德,常很不客气地斥修仙道者为 “守尸鬼” 、 “落空亡的外道” 。
佛道、仙道 地球既有形成,亦必难免坏灭依附地球而存在的金刚石、黄金,又岂能长存不灭?人的肉身,比起金刚石、黄金,极为危脆,欲图坚固,当然困难。道教曾为此探索、实践数千年,其炼养之学,不可谓不精深博杂,但实践结果,终难拿出延寿千万岁的例证。将来科学发达,或许会有大的突破。
佛陀见及于此,干脆不走从色身、物质中觅永生的路径,而到自心中寻究生死之源,从宇宙万法中概括归纳出真实之理性,自净其心,灭生死之因,与真实相应。由智慧观照,了生即无生 —— 因众生所执的生,本因缘生,无实体生,执有实体生,只不过是不符真实本面的妄见而已。一旦意识上的、下意识的妄念息灭,即有本来无生的心性豁露,此性本不生故不灭,本无缚故无解脱,本无染故亦无净,超越时空、心物、能所的二元对立,众生、诸佛乃至天地万物,皆依此性而存在,所谓 “凡圣含灵共一家” 者,名曰 “法身” 。法身自体具有直观真实、如实觉照的功用,谓之 “般若” 、 “自然智” 。以般若智慧观照万法,接人处世,遍行菩萨六度万行,自利利他,度人济世,乃成佛了生死的正道。六度万行功德圆汇合,达自我实现之峰颠,谓之成佛。成佛者,法身寂然不动,不生不灭,智慧圆观万法,由大悲心随类化身,出生入死,度化众生,服务人类,造福社会,永不休息,谓之 “无住涅盘” ,这是大乘佛教的最高理想。
修学佛道,必先立乎其大者,真实发菩提心,誓愿为上求佛道、下度众生而奋斗不已,然后力行六度四摄。六度之中,般若为导首,又为目的,前五度离却般若,皆成了世间法。故须先学般若,深入经藏,由闻思慧而求修慧。得修慧的捷径,是依教观心,顿悟见性。大乘六度中的禅那度,虽然修定的方法、原理与气功、仙道多相一致,但必须以般若为导,依般若印定,定慧双修,止观双运,修定而不住着于定,重在由定生慧,方称得起禅那波罗蜜。佛教密宗无上瑜伽,虽如气功之重导引、调息,如仙道之重炼化气脉明点,但仍须以般若为导,修二无我见,观净菩提心。宗喀巴大师《密宗道次第广论》卷 22说: “故学金刚乘者,生无我风,当如显教而修。” 强调仅修气脉点而入三摩地,而不修无我义之清净正见,不能度脱三有。修定不修慧或不得慧,佛家显密二宗,皆认为乃共外道法,无力超出生死。
唐宋以来,道教内丹派亦强调修性,以 “性命双修” 为纲宗。吕洞宾《敲爻歌》云: “只修命,不修性,恰如鉴容无宝镜。” 内丹家主往说修命不修性,必落入《楞严经》所说十种仙,不出轮回。内丹家关于心性的见地,与佛家是否相同,是颇为复杂的问题,本文不拟深论。但强调修性,了彻性源,受佛家的影响,则是不容讳言的。
其实,就佛法而论,气功、仙道修命修定,也非无价值。佛教禅学认为,得定是生慧的基础,密乘无上瑜伽更以气脉明点为道之根本。修好了定,再依佛家般若见修慧,其得慧必速。佛教中的许多法门龙象,都是外道出身,转入佛门,外道中成就的定力,无疑是他们快速证佛道的重要条件。《楞严经》中,佛命诸圣者各说自己初修道时见性证果的法门,凡示二十五种圆通,据其所说,眼耳鼻舌身意、色声香味触法,乃至地水火风空识六大,无一非通往圆通心性的门径。依此,则种种气功功法,皆可作入定之门。从一门入,专心守一,修习不已,自然得定,于定中返观内照,穷彻心源,是诸圣者所示了心性、证圆通的捷径。《涅 盘 经》云: “先以定动,后以智拔。” 修习气功、仙道者,有了定功的基础,以气功的切身体验,摇动迷惑执着之见桩,再入佛法大海,以智慧拔生死根,登无上道,当非难事。
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