天機 发表于 2006-4-19 13:50:55

[转帖]风水罗盘简介

<CENTER>第一章风水罗盘简介</CENTER><FONT size=4>
<CENTER>1—1罗盘发展简史</CENTER>
<CENTER>【轉帖自:http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=9&amp;ID=1074&amp;page=1】</CENTER>
<P></FONT><FONT size=3>风水罗盘是利用磁针的磁极性来指示方向的,在磁针的四周置有方位盘,就可以利用指南针判定方位了。在方位盘上按照一定规律和原理排列一些有意义的字词,就使得方位盘有了占卜的意义和作用。风水罗盘就是这样一种用于建筑风水的占卜工具。(图l一1)
<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901539373.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901539373.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
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<P></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012151811570.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3>从古代简单的罗盘,发展至今日的复杂多样的罗盘,经历了几千年的历史,期间的许多真相已不得而知,只能从出土的和现有的实物,以及文献资料去寻求一点斑驳的痕迹。
据文献记载,中国人很早就发明了磁性指南针的指向特性,早在战国时期就开始使用一种叫做“司南”的占卜用罗盘。《韩非子·有度篇》载:“先王立司南以端朝夕。”至东汉初年王充在《论衡·是应篇》更详细地说道:“司南之杓,投之于地,其柢指南。”杓是以磁石仿北斗星而磨制成的匙状磁体,柢是匙柄,地是占卜盘的地盘。据王振铎先生考证复原的司南,地盘已有八卦、天干地支和二十八宿的内容,与汉代流行的式盘地盘相类。这里已有后世罗盘的两个重要组成部分——指极磁体与方位盘,可见司南是一种具有占卜性质的磁性指南仪器,也可以说司南是风水罗盘的早期形式。(图1—2)
汉代的式盘是一种占卜盘,其大多是用于六壬和奇门遁甲术的六壬盘和太乙九宫占盘。从现已出土的若干个六壬盘看,其是由上下两盘叠合而成。下盘为方形,象征地,称为地盘;上盘为圆形,象征天,称为天盘,天盘可依中轴旋转。这种式盘中无指南磁针,只是以时间和方位的关系以及天地盘的关系占卜吉凶。北宋的《景佑六年神定经》释造式内讲:“造式:天,中作斗杓,指天罡,次作十二辰,中列二十八宿,四维局。地,列十二辰,八干,五行,三十六禽,天门、地户、人门、鬼路四隅讫。”在天盘上面,中部往往画北斗星,周列十二神和二十八宿。十二神即征明、天魁、从魁、传送、胜先、小吉、太一、天罡、太冲、功曹、大吉、神后。有的式盘上以数字代表十二神,又称十二月将。地盘上面往往分层写有八天干、天地人鬼四维或八卦、十二地支和二十八宿等,个别的还有三十六禽。六壬盘在古代被广泛用于社会生活各方面的时辰和方位的吉凶占验,其用法是固定地盘,白天子在北,夜晚子在南,然后转天盘,校验所推之日上盘的神将与下盘干支的关系,并以六十甲子中的壬申、壬午、壬辰、壬寅、壬子、壬戌为六壬,推衍出六壬式中的四课和三传,最后以此判定占日或占方的吉凶。(图1—3、图1—4、图1—5、图1—6)

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<P><FONT size=3><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901656632.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901656632.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /></FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=3><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901749966.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901749966.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901816685.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901816685.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901843524.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901843524.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
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<P></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012151894113.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012151881934.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3>中国早期的方位盘呈方形,因排列方便和易识的原因,后期多呈圆形。中国罗盘的基本方位盘是二十四分位的盘面,一个圆周为360度,每15度折成一个方位,这样罗盘便有了二十四个方位。二十四个方位是用后天八卦的四个维卦(乾、坤、巽、艮)八个天干(甲、乙、丙、丁、庚、辛、壬、癸)和十二地支(子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、
亥)组成的。
   在东汉、六朝时占卜用的二十四分位的六壬盘已有出土实物,而维辰记时的制度在魏晋南北朝的天象记录中是常用的。早期的堪舆书如唐杨益的《青囊奥语》、《天玉经》④,卜则巍的《雪心赋》均有关于罗盘的用语。如《天玉经》说:“先天盘上十二支,后天加上干和维,八干四维辅支位,子母公孙同此推。”《青囊奥语》中有许多罗盘的使用方法说明,但语言较隐晦,不易理解。从唐代出土的天文铜镜拓片内容,可推测此时的罗盘已有了较
多的内容与层数。湖南出土的一枚唐代天文铜镜,铸造工艺十分精致,自中心镜钮外计有五层,第一层为四灵兽(四象),第二层为十二生肖,第三层为后天八卦,第四层为二十八宿,第五层为字铭(图1—7)。
</FONT><FONT size=3><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/20064190202495.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/20064190202495.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /></FONT></P>
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<P></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012162839690.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3>宋代经济繁荣,海上文明大展,磁罗盘有了较大发展。北宋科学家沈括的《梦溪笔谈》中记载:
方家以磁石磨针锋,则能指南,然常微偏东,不全南也。水浮多荡摇,指爪及碗唇上皆可为之,运转尤速,但坚滑易坠,不若缕悬为最善。其法取新纩中独茧缕,以芥子许蜡,缀于腰,无风处悬之,则针常指南。
    其中有磨而指北者,予家指南、北者皆有之。磁石之指南,犹柏之指西,莫可原其理。
    这段文字对磁针罗盘作了清晰的描述。它解说了水浮法、碗唇旋定法、指甲定法、缕悬法四种指南针装置方法,还清楚地说明了磁偏角。文中所述的指南、指北两种针,系用磁石两个不同极来摩擦所致。《事林广记》、《武经总要》、《神仙幻术》还记有指南鱼和指南龟二种指南针装置。(图1—8、图1—9)。
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<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/20064190212159.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/20064190212159.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /></FONT><FONT size=3> </P></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012162826624.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3></FONT>
<P><FONT size=3><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641902143324.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641902143324.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /></FONT><FONT size=3></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012162896800.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A></P>
<P><FONT size=3>    公元12世纪初朱或的《萍州可谈》和徐兢的《宣和奉使高丽经》中都说到了航海用的指南针,这说明宋代指南针(图1一10)的使用已很普遍。南宋曾三异在《因话录》中写道:地螺或有子午正针,或用子午丙间缝针……天地南北之天,当用子午,或谓江南地偏,难用子午之正,故丙壬参之。
    文中“地螺”也就是罗盘,从正针、缝针等讨论看,宋时的罗盘已有正针、中针和缝针的用法,可见此时的罗盘较早期罗盘有了较大的变化。赖文俊的《天星篇》、《催官评龙篇》等对方位的应用解说也说明了罗盘的这种变化。
至明清时,罗盘又添加了许多新层次,已成为风水流传的有《罗经顶门针》、《钦定协纪辨方》等著述,而《钦定罗经透解》和《钦定罗经解定》均对罗盘作了分层讲解。由于明代以后命理学和日家与风水揉为一体,使风水学变得复杂起来,此时罗盘也已发展为多层而细密的分度,一般少则几层,多则几十层,十分繁杂。风水师既可以其“乘气、立向、消砂、纳水”观天,又可“测山川生成之纯驳,以辨其地之贵贱大小”来相地j还可“推算吉日良辰,依时而行”。正如《罗经解定》所说:“凡天星、卦象、五行、六甲也,所称渊微浩大之理莫不毕具其中也。”(图1一11、图1—12、图1—13)


<img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641902325262.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641902325262.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /></FONT><FONT size=3>

</FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012162836761.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901317992.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901317992.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" /></P></FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012162859577.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A>
<P><FONT size=3><img src="attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901416630.gif" border="0" onload="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onmouseover="if(this.width>screen.width*0.7) {this.resized=true; this.width=screen.width*0.7; this.style.cursor=\'hand\'; this.alt=\'Click here to open new window\nCTRL+Mouse wheel to zoom in/out\';}" onclick="if(!this.resized) {return true;} else {window.open(\'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641901416630.gif\');}" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" alt="" />
</FONT><a href="http://www.cnfss.org/bbs/showimg.asp?BoardID=9&amp;filename=2005-9/200593012273024821.gif" target="_blank" ><FONT size=3></FONT></A><FONT size=3>总之,与中国风水学从早期的较多科学成分的择宅术,发展为后期科学与玄学混杂的风水术历史相一致,罗盘也由早期以简单的辨方乘气罗盘,而发展为繁杂的带有玄学命理的风水罗盘。
注释:
    ①杨益即杨筠松,书录见《中国丛书综录·术数类·堪舆之属》。</FONT>





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[此贴子已经被原作者于4/19/2006 4:24:14 PM编辑过。]

Qilin 发表于 2008-12-13 21:31:59

<P><IMG style="CURSOR: pointer" onmouseover="attachimg(this, 'mouseover')" onclick="zoom(this, 'attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641902143324.gif')" alt=Z3oFW6il.gif src="http://www.fengshui-168.com/attachments/dvbbs/2006-4/200641902143324.gif" width=738 onload="attachimg(this, 'load')" resized="true"></P>
<P><FONT size=5>宋代罗盘居然这么简陋?!不知唐代的如何? </FONT></P>
<P>&nbsp;</P>

[ 本帖最后由 Qilin 于 2008-12-13 21:34 编辑 ]

林莽中(益东门人) 发表于 2020-11-6 14:25:50

       罗盘本来是多种用途的。

cup 发表于 2020-11-8 07:41:58

有很多资料显示罗盘是在唐代就有了。。。。。。。。
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