福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心1
<DIV align=center><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心(陈进国)</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内容提要:唐代以来,随着福建开发进程的加速,中原、北方的道教符镇法术、择日法术、丧葬明器神煞制度也被移殖进入。福建出土的买地券文本的书写程序及主体的文化要素,基本上是持续和稳定的,同中原或北方出土的买地券差异不大,亦带有道巫甚至佛道结合的成分。这些明器积淀着地域社会、文化发展的一些信息,记录和传承了地方一般知识、观念和信仰世界的历史。历代买地券文本中的斩草日或葬日,大多与“鸣吠日”或“鸣吠对日”契合,这亦是鉴别买地券真伪或干支笔误问题的标准之一。福建买地券亦多见契合者。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">福建地区现有的大部分居民,主要渊源于中原、北方汉民</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">严格地说是外省汉民</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的不断南迁和繁衍,以及与“重巫尚鬼”的闽越土著</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">先住民</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">长时段的族群融合。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两晋至唐宋时期,中原、北方汉民的移居入闽,较大规模有三次,并形成相应的地域文化积淀。一是东晋南朝中原汉人的入闽,促成闽北方言的形成;二是初唐陈元光集团的戍闽与屯垦,促成了闽南方言的定型;三是五代闽中王潮、王审知等的割据,促成了闽东方言的定型。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两宋以来,各省迁移人入闽的汉人人数更多。在移殖和重建中原和北方原乡传统汉人社会的过程中,福建逐渐形成了客家人、闽南人、福州人等族群或民系。在瘴厉之气弥漫的自然环境及弱肉强食的社会环境中,辗转入闽的士民,重本思源,渴盼光宗耀祖,逐渐养成了聚族而居的习惯和注重神灵祭祀的传统。地域信仰民俗的成形,不仅意味着群体地域认同的成形,也意味着地域文化模式或秩序的成形。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">考古发现,延自东汉末、三国时期,福建总体上尚属生产落后的偏远荒僻之地,但在闽江流域和沿海地区,北方汉人(主要是军队和谪户)的移民社会已初具规模。考古学者或曰汉代福建仍是以闽越人为主,“从墓葬上讲,两汉时期的文化主体一直是土著的”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,或曰沿海一带“地方的物质文化,在东汉时期已跟中原地区趋于基本一致”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> [</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">④</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。然而,至六朝时期,闽越故地部分地区</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如闽北、福州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">汉文化已占据主体地位。闽北、闽东南和福州等地至今已发现了上百座六朝砖室墓葬,体现了当时入闽士族及其同宗亲党部曲移民的社会生活习俗。其葬制等级观念并非十分严格,但显然受到中央王朝的一些约束和影响。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比如墓砖侧面花纹饰包括不少四神图案,个别墓砖铭文还带有“始得踰利”、“子孙安吉生万花”、“金钱百万”等用语</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。其墓葬具有“族葬制”的特点,基本上分布于土山丘陵向阳面的半麓,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑦</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">反映当时入闽汉人在新的生存空间寻找精神皈依的集体情感,并自觉地赋予丧葬空间以人文意义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">唐代以来,随着福建开发进程的加速,中原、北方地区的道教符镇法术、择日法术、丧葬明器神煞制度也被移殖进入。从唐至清数朝,福建各地都出土了不少的“买地券”明器。兹将笔者所见较完整的福建买地券文本,制成表一。因条件限制,部分文本因未见图录,尚有阙疑处,亦附说明。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">表一:福建地区出土的“买地券”文本。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">序号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">名称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内容</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引文出处</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相关说明</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">唐漳浦陈氏买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">囗词世界南瞻部洲大唐国福建道管内漳浦县嘉岭乡囗囗里囗囗堡囗囗囗囗陈氏林囗囗囗囗囗月囗囗囗除向阳当归囗里,有冥钱万一千囗之囗,地主张坚固,李亭度囗收买囗艮山刚(岗)地一片,东至王公,西至王母,南瞻部洲,北萦越单为界,亡人收领永为冢宅。何人书,星与月;何人见,竹与木;星月归于天,竹木归于土。急急如律令。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王文径编:《漳浦历代碑刻》,漳浦县博物馆,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年自印本,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">271</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王文径推测该唐墓时间上限可能在唐肃宗以后,下限在唐僖宗以前。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氏著:《买地券和唐代福建道》,《福建画报》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">据方豪《金门出土宋墓买地券考释》谓“宋以前亦有称‘大唐国’者,可见《金石萃编》始于宋之说,并不尽然”,而“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">管内</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此词日本流行不绝,近世在大陆几已绝迹,来台后,又逐渐为人采用。其实此本吾国故有名词,见于《旧唐书》薛嵩传:‘嵩感恩奉职,数年间,管内粗理。’又白居易答刘济昭:‘管内百姓殷进等七人奏前后事由。’宋人用此词尤多,举一则为例:南宋中期人王炎著《双溪文集》卷二六载开禧三年(一二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">七)王炎在知湖州任内《申省论马料劄子》文有云:‘本州管内多系晚田,少有旱稻可充料谷。’”一说该地券可能非唐物。拙著《信仰、仪式与乡土社会:风水的历史人类学探索》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京:中国社会科学出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尝采纳唐说。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">唐咸通二年王楚中买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">维咸通二岁次辛巳朔十五日乙酉,漳州龙溪县永泰乡唐化里没琅琊府君押衙兼南界游弈将和孔目官王楚中,行年五十三。咸通二年六月五日身亡故,十一月十五日移就祖宗。今用白银钱九千九百九十九贯文,就土下卅六神买得信义里箭竹洋村祖墓西北边乾山岗华盖之前圹地一所,长九尺九寸九分,阔三尺三寸三分。东至甲乙,南至丙丁,西至庚辛,北至壬癸,中至戊己,内园外方,各掌四夷。上至青天,下至黄泉。以将囗囗亡人黄金,从今已后,他鬼异神不得囗有倡集。如有此囗并囗地下卅六神能了事,不涉亡人。如不能了,任亡人执此契券,诣天帝择论讼,囗和囗囗囗倍钱者见亡人。东王公、西王母、镇墓神、青龙白虎,前行朱雀,后至玄武,日月星宿为明。永保人张坚固、李定度,并依买地界古今为志。急急如律令。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">郭封城:《唐代漳州</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“买地券”考辩》,《闽南日报》</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="13" Month="12" Year="2004"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">查陈垣《二十史朔闰表》(北京:中华书局,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年下简称“陈表”),唐咸通二年十一月朔辛未,十五日乙酉。券文与陈表合。葬日或斩草日“乙酉”属于“鸣吠日”,契合传统择日之例。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心2
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋淳熙十三年蔡氏买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">维淳熙十三年岁次丙午闰七月丙午朔十四日己未,恭人蔡氏以辛巳年九月十二日殁故。黾筮叶从,相地袭吉,宜于泉州南安县归化里西峰龙安禅院之后山安厝宅兆,谨用钱九万九千九百九十九贯文兼五彩信币,买地一段,东西一百步,南北一百步,东至青龙,西至白虎,南至朱雀,北至玄武,内方勾陈,分壁掌四域。丘丞墓伯封步累畔,道路将军齐整阡陌,千秋万岁永无殃咎。若辄干犯诃禁者,将军亭长,收付河佰。今以牲牢酒饭、百味香新,共为信契,财地相交分付。工匠修营安厝,以后永保休吉。知见人岁月主,保人直符,故气邪精不得忏怪。先有居者,永避万里。若违此约,地府主吏自当其祸。主人内外存亡悉皆安吉。急急如五帝使者女青律令。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《泉州、南安发现宋代火葬墓》,《文物》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1975</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该券系铁铸阳文,长</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">39</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米,宽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">32</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米,厚</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现藏于泉州海外交通史博物馆。墓主系泉州赵宋南宗太宗派“皇叔祖少师和义郡王”赵土珸之侍妾、“恭人”蔡氏。该墓还出土一则蔡氏生男赵不劬所书墓志铭文,谓“恭人于绍兴三十一年九月十二日以疾卒于崇寓舍,享年二十有八,卜以淳熙十三年闰七月十四日己未葬于南安县归化里西峰院后山之原”。此券纪年月朔干支,与陈表合,但葬日“己未”未合“鸣吠日”或“鸣吠对日”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">4<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋嘉定十五年许廿三郞、叶十五娘买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">维嘉定十五年四月十八日由贵州丑时,据泉州晋江县井林保亡魂许二十三郞同叶十五娘,因游南山采药,寻见一穴,谨备银钱一千贯文,就地主张坚固、李定度,买乙山下冢地,内立辛酉向,外作壬向。其地东至甲乙,南至丙丁,西至庚辛,北至壬癸,上至青天,下至黄泉,四至广□九九八十一。左居青龙郁郁,右居白虎锵锵,朱雀导前赫赫,玄武特后堂堂。不祥□严,火光入宅舍光辉,男封官爵,女事名郞,囗囗囗寿,幼子张长,夫妇和睦,禄位金章,一门囗囗,囗囗双野,仆从成行。同立合同,地契二本,一本随囗囗囗囗囗地主,一本与收执,永为祖宅。如有地下不祥,侵占囗囗囗,定送黄泉院司报究,的无轻恕。奉老君之囗囗囗囗囗囗。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">许二十三郞、叶十五娘。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地主</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张坚固、李定度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">牙人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">柏人。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">善人飞上天。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">囗人入黄泉。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">郑国栋、林胜利、陈垂成编:《泉州道教》,厦门:鹭江出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1993</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">169-170</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此券系砖制,毛笔书写,出土于晋江东石镇井林村一南宋墓。该墓中犹有灰罐二只,罐盖内皆有铭文,其一云:“羽音翁许廿三郞辛未生,一百三十三岁,嘉定十五年四月廿八葬。”其二云:“羽音婆叶十五娘癸酉生,一百三十岁,嘉定十五年壬午四月廿八日”。按引文有“维嘉定十五年四月十八日由贵州丑时”字样,疑编抄者笔误,因未见原契,不得而知。若无误,查陈表,嘉定十五年岁次壬午,四月朔己卯,十八日丙申,应属斩草日,乃“鸣吠日”。但罐盖铭文谓“廿八葬”,是日丙午,亦“鸣吠日”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>5<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋绍兴十九年郭三郎、聂十五娘买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">维绍兴十九年岁次己□十月二十三日戊寅,大宋国管内泉州府晋江县晋江乡临江里故助教郭三郎、太孺聂十五娘,于本县本乡鸾歌里上,得辛兖山来龙,乾亥入路,兖仙□穴□,甲卯向,发□水,折艮癸,归艮甲,长流甲,分九万九千九百九十贯,就地主封侯明王边买地一穴,当得张坚固、李庭度、地下武夷王同共给,与故亡人郭助教及本孺女葬永古为祖。东至青龙,西至白虎,南至朱雀,北至玄武,上至青天,下至黄泉。应地下诸神恶鬼,不得妄乱侵占。太上老君急急如律令,阴阳事□□□</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">符箓,抄略</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">券文见陈健鹰:《读碑三题》,《闽台民俗》创刊号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">泉州</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此买地券系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年在泉州城东建高速公路立交桥时出土,陶质,呈碑形,券文为阴刻。现藏泉州闽台关系博物馆。查陈表,绍兴十九年岁次己巳,十月朔己酉,二十三日辛未,非戊寅。若由戊寅反推,月朔干支当为丙辰,是年无此月朔干支。疑戊寅为时辰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">?</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不得而知。另图不清,是二十二日抑或二十三日,不得而知。若是二十二日,干支为庚午,属“鸣吠日”。但是券有“大宋国管内”等字样,应是宋券无疑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">6<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋淳祐三年黄氏买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">维淳祐三年岁次癸卯朔二十二日甲子辰时末以符告:天一地二,孟仲四季,黄泉后土,工文武,土暦土伯,土星土宿,土下二千石神,蒿里父老,武夷山王,玄武,鬼律,地女星,照今有大宋国福州怀安县人座乡观风里殁故黄氏五二孺人,元命丁亥四月二十五日午时受生,不幸于今年七月初十日酉时身亡,享年一十七岁。生居城郭,死居窀穸,音利吉方,于本县忠信里地名浮仓山,坤山,坐丁向癸,利居安塉,用伸安厝此岗,更不迁移,不改村名,谨赍银钱一(一般写作“九”)万九千九百九十九贯文,分付地主张坚固、保人李定度卖得此山乙所,东至甲乙,南至丙丁,西望庚辛,北至壬癸,上至青天,下至黄泉,内至陈分壁。今以牲羊酒食,共为信契,或有无道思神,不得干犯亡灵,先有居者,永避万里。若违此约,直符使者自当其祸。保护亡魂安稳,荫佑生人平康。五帝使者奉太上勅,急急如律令。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卖地主</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张坚固。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">保人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李定度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">福建省博物馆:《福州市北郊南宋墓清理简报》,《文物》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1977</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此买地券系砖制,正面丹书</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">行,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1975</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年于福州北郊浮仓山出土。墓主黄升系宋室后裔赵师恕季孙赵与骏之妻。其墓志铭曰:“得此一穴,浮仓之阴。左蟠卧龙,右拥翠林。莲花一峰,对起千寻。为尔之宫,万古犹今。”据二十二日甲子反推,是月朔癸卯。查陈表,淳祐三年十一月朔癸卯。按甲子非“鸣吠日”或“鸣吠对日”。“子”与“午”相近,有可能是原券误书或文物工作者抄误所致。若是甲午</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则属“鸣吠对日”,反推是月朔癸酉,而淳祐三年十二月朔癸酉。按后者可能性更大。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心3
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>7</FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋宝祐五年黄六十三娘买地券</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大宋国管内泉州同安县绥德乡翔风里□屿东北系林舍,黄氏六十三娘今择地臺穴在徐西北林(?)系辰山乾戌向,欲为自己葬地,情愿托徐家西北地主牙人就张坚固、李定度请买,二面商量价直冥财玖阡玖佰玖拾玖贯□,其钱系张坚固、李定度亲手领讫,其地并还黄六十三娘管占安葬,作为伍者所查,□系二比情愿,日后各无休悔。□□字乙本(?)还钱主收执为照者。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>宝祐伍年初十日张坚固、李定度地契。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卖主</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张坚固、李定度。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">买主</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">黄六十三娘。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">牙保</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">徐家西北地主。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方豪:《金门出土宋墓买地券考释》,载《中国历史学会史学集刊》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1971</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此券出土于金门。券砖呈正方形,砖质为淡褐色,计高</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="26.5" UnitName="cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US>26.5CM</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上宽</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="25.5" UnitName="cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US>25.5CM</SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下宽</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="26" UnitName="cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">26CM</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,厚约</SPAN><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="1.2" UnitName="cm"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.2CM</FONT></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。相关考证,方豪文甚详,不述。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">查陈表,宝祐五年每月初十日的干支分别是丙申</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、丙寅(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、丙申(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、乙丑(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、乙申(闰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、甲子(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、癸巳(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、癸亥(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、壬辰(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、辛酉(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、辛卯(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、辛酉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(11)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、庚寅(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。若葬日或破土日择于“鸣吠日”或“鸣吠对日”,则葬月可能是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等月。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT size=3></FONT></SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>8</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元至正二十一年叶丰叔买地券</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">武王夷今有大盘地龙一所,坐落莲坂保地名报恩后垄田上,其地东至甲乙,西至庚辛,南至丙丁,北至壬癸,中是其地,四至分明。地价□三贯三千文足,卖与本保亡人叶丰叔出手承买为坟安葬,其钱当日随契两相交付去讫,并无领目。所卖其地与上下神祇无预,亦无干涉争占。如有执占,一仰武王夷支当,不涉买主之事。今仁理难信用,立契一本,与本人收讫为用者。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至正二十一年太岁辛丑十月</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日行契,武王夷二契。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">牙人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张坚固。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李定度。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>何人书了天上鹤,何人书了水中鱼。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>白鹤读了上青天,鱼书读了入深渊。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">何丙仲编纂:《厦门碑志汇编》,北京:中国广播电视出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">475</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1962</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年前后出土于厦门市莲坂村。陶质板状,呈竖长方形,正面近边缘用阴刻线框边,高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">40</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米,宽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米,厚</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米,正面镌刻券文。现存于厦门博物馆。另吴诗池:《厦门考古与文物》(厦门:鹭江出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">202</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页)亦有载,略有异,题头添“五王夷买地券”。此券文参照何文。查陈表,至正二十一年十月朔戊寅,何日书契,不得而知。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心4
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>9</FONT></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">明万历二十三年郑岳买地券</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">皇明亚中大夫云南布政司左参政、谦山郑公,讳岳,字永翰,居大明国福建福州府长乐县二都异难乡崇丘里龙阳人,今寓闽县左二坊东街金鱼境住,生于嘉靖丙申年正月初二酉时,卒于万历壬辰年六月二十七日酉时,春秋五十有七。今则卜兹宅兆,安妥遗鬼,凭牙人张坚固等引到武夷山主、当山土地处,自用冥钱九万九千九百九十九贯零九文,买得吉地一围,坐产侯官县三十九都莲花峰之原,坐壬向丙,上至青天,下至黄河;东至青龙,西至白虎;南至朱雀,北至玄武。中央吉地,开建墓堂,涓取万历二十三年乙未岁三月二十三日丑时安葬。墓内十二时辰,金鸡玉犬,依时鸣吠;柏人铁牛,木奴瓦婢,胜光神后,功曹传送,各守阴阳。千年宅冢,万载吉祥,亡人安隐,风水利宜。天上七十二星,点点光辉,照出中天二十八宿,个个拱辰。葬后儿孙富贵,大发财产,文林茂盛,科甲流芳。山间魑魅魍魃,无道之神,不得侵占。如有此等,阡陌大将军施治。奉太上白鹤仙师急急如律令敕。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>万历二十三年乙未岁三月廿三日立契。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">牙人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张坚固(福)。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">保人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李定度(寿)。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">看墓人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万年春(康)。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">代书人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">许长义(宁)。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">阴阳交泰</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">录自徐心希:《试论福建民俗及其教化作用》,《闽台文化》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">泉州闽台关系史博物馆编</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该买地券出土于福州市郊区一明代墓葬,正反文交替。查陈表,万历二十三年三月朔甲戌,二十三日丙申,乃“鸣吠日”。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT size=3></FONT></SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>10</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">清顺治四年杜方参买地券</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伏以天地初分,乾坤交泰,日月仝照,阴阳分明。今于顺治肆年四月拾陆日,信公杜方参□信钱九万九千九百九十九贯,托得张坚固、李定度为中□,买得地主武夷王坟地一所,坐落道者山,东至青龙,西至白虎,南至朱雀,北至玄武,上下四至分明为界,葬于自己暨配王氏。自葬已后,万代光荣,子孙昌盛,田园万顷,进丁进产,肇发簪缨,日富日贵,继世云仍,不敢违约,土地证明,恐后无凭,亲立契书全砖,□□□□坟主收受,永荫儿孙福寿无疆。为照者示。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">仝中人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李定度。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作中人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">张坚固。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">顺治四年四月</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">卖人武夷王。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">代书人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">天上鹤。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">证见人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">东王公。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">仝见人</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">西王母。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">抄自吴诗池:《厦门考古与文物》,厦门:鹭江出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此券系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1986</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月在福建厦门杏林双穴墓出土,原文墨书于一呈方型之砖上,券文书写布局较特别,呈椭圆形,由外至内按顺时针螺旋式书写,券尾名字位于椭圆形券文正中间,由右至左书写。现存于厦门博物馆。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>查陈表,顺治四年即永明王永历元年,四月朔壬申,十六日干支为丁亥。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT size=3></FONT></SPAN></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>从上表可知,福建出土的买地券文本的书写程序及主体的文化要素,基本上是持续和稳定的,带有“超地域性”的特征,同中原或北方出土的买地券差异不大,亦带有道巫结合的成分。此是其一。</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按这些买地券言及的丘墓之神,即《赤松子章历》卷六《又大冢讼章》所说的“地狱所典主者”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> [</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑧</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,亦常见于中原、北方的各类买地券当中。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如唐咸通二年王楚中买地券所谓的“地下卅六神”,指的就是地吏或丘丞相墓伯等“镇墓神”。而代表主宰人间和幽冥权力的“天帝”及“如律令”等字,更是中原、北方地区镇墓文或买地券常见的特征。不过,中原、北方地区的镇墓文或买地券绝大多数谓“天帝使者”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如黄神越章</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主召律令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑩</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,王券则曰“亡人”亲诣“天帝”作判官</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“任亡人执此契券,诣天帝择论讼”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。这种有关亡灵“位”的置换,可能透露了时人希望在彼界更富有自由度的意识。而宋淳熙十三年蔡氏买地券的格式,更是同北宋《地理新书》所载的中原、北方地区的地券格式相近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。宋绍兴十九年郭三郎、聂十五娘买地券文后有符箓,碑首刻有北斗七星图案和莲花图纹。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其二,在地域其它社会和文化因素的作用下,这些明器积淀着地域社会、文化发展的一些信息,记录和传承了地方一般知识、观念和信仰世界的历史。宋代以来,风水“理气方位”派</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗庙之法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">盛行于福建地区</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,买地券文本亦记录和传达了闽中汉人重视“理气方位”或“五姓音利”等信仰知识和观念系谱。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比如,王楚中买地券带有一些有关“星体”和“方位”的语辞。“日月星宿为明”;“西北边乾山岗”。王券的“内园(圆?——引者注)外方”字样,说明时人可能已经将“天圆地方”的宇宙观念物化于坟墓形制当中了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。宋绍兴十九年郭三郎、聂十五娘买地券提到墓穴“来龙乾亥(穴场后面的是来龙为西北方向——引者注,下同)入路,兖仙□穴□,甲卯向(穴场坐西向东),发□水,折艮(东北方)癸(北方),归艮(东北方)甲(东方),长流甲(前述三句,指穴场前的来水从东北方折归流向正东方)”。宋淳佑三年黄氏买地券提到穴地“音利吉方……坤山,坐丁向癸(穴场是西南方向的来龙,坐南朝北——引者注),利居安塉”。当然,这类知识观念系谱亦反映于其他地方出土的买地券中。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心5
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋代以来,尽管福建“俗重凶仪,亲亡,或秘不举,至破产饭僧”(《宋史</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蔡襄传》),但因受到土著畲民</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其先民为闽越族人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">火葬焚尸取其骨殖的葬俗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">及西域佛教传统的影响,福建各地亦盛行火葬之俗。今福州、泉州等地亦屡见宋代火葬墓。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直至清代,地方儒家学者还在抨击此俗,以为有违孝道和宗法观念。按希腊有史早期,火葬代替墓葬之后,祖先观念日趋淡薄。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不过,在明器神煞制度及理气派风水观念的影响下,火葬的盛行并未弱化福建地域的祖先崇拜。实施火葬的当地人仍然考虑墓主的仙命、“五音姓利”等因素,来卜日择葬、确定墓穴内外方位等,从一个侧面反映了时人对祖先崇拜的一种异于主流儒家学说的理解。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亡者尸体的火化,并未意味着祖先与子孙脱离了关系,在子孙有意的象征性安排下,祖先依然“在场”,阴阳之间“互动”依然有序。</SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比如,福州西湖西岸附近的北宋火葬墓出土了两方砖制墓地券,可辨字有“元丰□年。……桂林里……”等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">南平大凤乡店口村的南宋早期墓,内有铁地券一方,但已锈残;另有砖制地券一方,砖面墨书楷体,可辨“维……岁次壬子十二月□□六申日癸亥间□□□为□吴七娘行□□七十一岁值身亡”等字。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宋淳熙十三年买地券的墓主蔡氏,乃死后廿五年安葬,可能先寄厝后火葬,“黾筮叶从,相地袭吉”。宋嘉定十五年许廿三郞、叶十五娘买地券亦火葬墓出土,谓穴“内立辛酉向,外作壬向”,其骨灰陶罐的铭文更书有同“五音姓利说”有关的“羽音翁”、“羽音婆”字样。这些“立此存照”的记录,是造墓者及书写者刻意要保存的“声音”,表达了时人重视墓地风水、追求人地和谐的价值取向。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当然,越汉共通的鬼神观念及祭祀传统的记忆,也在买地券习俗中得以反复的再现。比如带有“武夷王”字样的买地券明器一直是闽人丧葬习俗的重要组成部分。武夷王除是一位保护墓主的丘丞小神之外,有时还是负责阴宅</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">土地归属的地主。而武夷君</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信仰,堪称是汉代以来汉、越二族之鬼神观念、祭祀文化有机交融的产物,是土著的机鬼信仰与中原汉族的巫道观念的结合。它既是闽越人的原生文化因素在汉文化系统中的积漃与遗存,也是中原强势的汉文化因素在闽越土著文化层上垒积、覆盖的后果。这或许有助于我们从中审视土著声音音频是如何在神灵形象上被汉人重新编码、组合的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其三,按买地券习俗通常和斩草破土仪轨有关,或于斩草日</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,或于下葬日埋之。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">据笔者对东汉至清出土的买地券、镇墓文明器的统计分析,这些文本的葬日或斩草日,大多是有规律可循的,基本符合选择术中所谓的“鸣吠日(庚午日、壬申日、癸酉日、壬午日、甲申日、乙酉日、庚寅日、丙申日、丁酉日、壬寅日、丙午日、己酉日、庚申日、辛酉日)”或“鸣吠对日(丙子日、庚子日、壬子日、乙卯日、辛卯日、丁卯日、癸卯日、丙寅日、甲午日、甲寅日)”,并经常结合“五音姓利说”来判定日期吉凶。一些买地券文本的用辞,或可作为直接之佐证。如陕西甘泉县明隆庆六年王氏买地券,有“羊角音承凶安葬券式地契维大明隆庆六年岁次壬申五月建午十八日壬寅日合鸣吠本音安葬吉日”字样。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">今笔者所见,记录鸣吠日或鸣吠对日斩草葬亲的习俗之最早文献应为唐代。但统计分析表明,有关“金鸡鸣、玉犬吠,上下不呼,亡灵安稳,子孙富昌”的神煞观念</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">似可早推至东汉时期。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按明代克择家刘春沂(福建建阳人氏)《刘氏家藏阐微通书》卷四《丧葬篇》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京中国国家图书馆藏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">) </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“铁券文式”提到“金鸣玉吠,歌吼吉辰”等字样,进一步表明买地券与这种神煞观念的密切关系:“某府州县乡人某氏某名号,生于某年某月日,终于某年某月日,寿元几何,今择于某年某月某日时,合天地和宁,金鸣玉吠,歌吼吉辰,奉柩葬于某乡村土名某山某向之原,筮龟叶吉,易卜允臧,伏维皇天后土、山川钟灵,衲祗保佑,广锡洪庥,存土相安,永叶祯吉。谨告”。明万历二十三年郑岳买地券亦有“墓内十二时辰,金鸡玉犬,依时鸣吠”字样。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方诗铭曾经提出“以检验买地券文干支纪日为主,参以内容是否符合汉制的原则”,作为鉴别买地券文本的真伪的标准。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吴天颖亦根据上述原则对买地券的干支致误之因进行了探讨。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">笔者认为,斩草日</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">葬日的干支是否符合“鸣吠日”或“鸣吠对日”,亦是鉴别买地券或镇墓文真伪的标准之一,此标准亦能解释部分文本的涂改或笔误问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">任何信仰民俗知识既有延续性,亦有变异性。福建出土的买地券的葬日或斩草日,基本上是符合上述神煞规律的,当然亦有未合的。而这类神煞观念,在唐、宋、元福建出土的墓葬明器、壁画、墓志铭中亦有所反映。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">据</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1936</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年泉州发掘的一座唐初砖墓,该墓古砖刻有“贞观三年闰十二月廿五日葬”字样,可能系拾骸后所遗之墓。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">查陈垣《二十史朔闰表》,唐贞观三年岁次己丑,闰十二月朔丁酉,二十五日辛酉。是日葬者,“金鸡鸣,玉犬吠,上下不相呼,大吉”。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三明市岩前村宋代壁画墓的朱雀左下方绘一只引颈昂鸣的雄鸡,鸡首涂红彩,尾染黑色,背部及翅羽部分间杂涂染红色。朱雀右下方绘一昂吠的卧犬,犬垂耳卷尾,颈系红色项圈,前挂一铃。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将乐县光明乡出土的宋理学家杨时家族的元代墓室左室壁画,墓门处绘有一大花瓶,花瓶前侧及下方写有四行与堪舆数术相关的墨书文字:“其寿坟□□□尚……|</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">合盛天</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大□[卦]|</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">后术士依此行用|大吉”。花瓶左下方绘有一只引吭的大雄鸡,鸡身点染黄彩,鸡尾用浓淡不一的墨色勾绘,栩栩如生。鸡身背部及腿部遭破坏。鸡身上方有火焰状纹样,再上绘有云彩图案。另右壁壁画门口下方绘一大犬,犬大耳下垂,伸颈,卷尾,作吠状,前脚立,后腿卧蹲。颈上系有绸带项圈,项圈前有垂铃。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心6
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1974</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年泉州城东宋代火葬墓出土了一个长方形陶椁,内放陶制圆圈,圈上放青釉骨灰罐一个,椁的四角有陶制四灵一套,白磁碗一个,碗底外壁下圈环写有葬日“绍兴二十一年九月廿三日庚申□”,庚申日系选择术中的“鸣吠日”。至于碗底则有方框,内写有与风水术的方位信仰相关的“辛入乙方(穴场坐西朝东——引者注)”四字。</SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>在北方、中原明器神煞制度的影响之下,买地券所录的神仙人物张坚固、李定度、蒿里老翁等亦被“南人”制成墓俑。这些神灵乃中原、北方堪舆家所杜撰的一类冥间神人,名号皆已附载了标志性的象征意义。</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>据《大汉原陵秘葬经》载,天子至庶人墓西北角均置“蒿里老翁”。《说文解字》谓蒿里乃“死人里也”,又称鬼所。福建墓葬出土的五代蒿里老翁陶俑,作扶杖、戴风帽老形象,南宋石雕作戴圆帽、菱形帽或巾帻帽老人形象。老者的形象和角色,喻含着人们对身体形态与死亡关系的直观的理解。另外,张坚固、李定度经常联袂出现,以作为穴场合法“成交”的见证人或保人或地主。张坚固、李定度,即蕴涵着法度永久、交易有律、度量准确之意,也是人们注重坟墓坚固和墓内外方位准确的物化象征。</FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闽侯县怀安南宋墓出土的李定度和张坚固的石俑,前者束发超脱头顶小冠,身着直掇长袍,后者头戴方形帻巾,身穿团领长袍</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。二者基本上是中年人的形象,均正面立像,双手交合,表情严肃。这种形象设计,很可能透露造作者关于这类特殊的地下神祇角色之功能的一种“无意”的领会。就像我们平常合拳作揖表达诚意一样,石俑仿佛在当面同观者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或墓主、或现实中墓主的亲人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作揖“对话”,表明自己的“承诺”和“信用”</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闽赣二省是中国近世风水两大流派流行的地区,择地的堪與师</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">风水仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的形象还同卖地或做中人的张李二神一起在墓地中出现。如江西临川县温泉乡宋墓出土过张仙人瓷俑一式二件,“眼观前方,炯炯有神,束发绾髻,身穿右衽长衫,左手抱一大罗盘,置于右胸前,右手紧执左袖口。座底墨书‘张仙人’”,俨然一位地理阴阳堪與术家,即《大汉原陵秘葬经》所记的地理阴阳人张景文一类人物。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闽侯怀安以及福州东郊金鸡山南宋墓出土的风水仙师俑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系寿山石雕俑,头戴贌头帽,身着团领长袍,手持罗盘,正面或侧面立像。比较而言,风水仙师的形象似乎亲和和超脱随意一些。这与风水先生游走四方的职业特征也很相符。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正象巫鸿所指出的:“每一个俑都是对人像的‘体’</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(body)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和‘面’</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(face)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">’的一个特殊表现;每一个俑都从属于为死者建立的一个特殊象征空间”</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将券文原所记录的神祇张坚固、李定度及堪舆术家蜕变成随葬的俑来陪伴,似乎也透露了古人对神祇能否履行承诺的“紧张感”,以及对现实中的风水先生能否择到吉地的“不信任感”。至于买地券的制作材料,大都是陶、石、砖等不易朽坏的东西。用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Mircea Eliade</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的话说,其所隐含的象征,“展现的是持久、永恒和不朽,总之,是一种独立于时间的存在模式”</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心7
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关于福建居民的历史渊源和中原、北方士民南移的过程,请参考陈支平:《近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">500</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年来福建的家族社会与文化》,上海:上海三联书店,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年;陈支平:《福建六大民系》,福州:福建人民出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。“民族”主要是一种社会文化建构,而非生物学事实,我们所说的入闽的北方或中原汉民,也是一个宽泛的族群认同与分类概念。有关入闽汉人或汉民的说辞,仍然是一个便于进行有效分析的“理想型”概念。当然,这也是入闽移民的自我构建,不理解这点,则无以比较和解释所谓汉越的文化互动。</SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">李如龙:《福建方言》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">章《汉人入闽与福建诸方言的形成》,福州:福建人民出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吴泰明:《福建秦汉墓葬文化类型及其民族史意义》,《东南文化》,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1988</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3-4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">合刊</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">④</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">林忠干:《论福建地区出土的汉代陶器》,《考古》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1987</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">林忠干、林存琪、陈子文:《福建六朝墓初论》,《福建文博》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1987</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">林忠干、林存琪、陈子文:《福建六朝墓初论》,《福建文博》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1987</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑦</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">吴春明、林果:《闽越国古都城考古研究》,厦门:厦门大学出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">228</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑧</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该书据东汉《千二百官章仪》及《三百大官章》等编成,约出于南北朝,参照《道藏》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">册,文物出版社</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、上海书店出版社、天津古籍出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1988</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">221</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如徐副买地券(王育成:《徐副地券中天师道史料考释》,《考古》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1993</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期)和刘顗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">买地券(郭沫若:《由王谢墓志的出土论到兰亭序的真伪》,《文物》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1965</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期)所记</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=3>录的丘墓之神。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑩</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参见吴荣曾:《镇墓文中所见到的东汉道巫关系》,《文物》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1981</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心8
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《地理新书》卷十四“斩草建旄条”曰:“用铁为地券,文曰:某年月日,具官封姓名,以某年月日殁故,龟筮叶从,相地袭吉,宜于某州某县某乡某原安厝宅兆,谨用钱九万九千九百九十九贯文,兼五彩信币,买地一段,东西若干步,南北若干步,东至青龙,西至白虎,南至朱雀,北至玄武,内方勾陈,分擘四域,丘丞墓伯、封部界畔,道路将军,齐整阡陌,千秋万岁,永无殃咎。若则干犯呵禁者,将军亭长收付河伯。今以牲牢酒饭,百味香新,共为信契。财地交相分付工匠修造,安厝已后,永保休吉。知见人、岁月、主保人,今日直符、故气邪精不得忏恡。先有居者,永避万里,若违此约,地府主吏自当其祸,主人内外存亡,悉皆安吉。急急如五帝使者女青律令。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京大学图书馆藏金刻本《重校定地理新书》卷十四,《续修四库全书》子部·术数类,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1054</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">册,上海:上海古籍出版社,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2002</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">112-113</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> (</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">明</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王祎《青岩丛录》曰:“堪舆家之说,原于古阴阳家者流。古人建都邑,立家室,固未有不择地者。而择地以葬,其术则本于晋郭璞所着《葬书》二十篇,多后人增以谬妄之说。而择地以葬,其术则本于晋郭璞所着《葬书》二十篇,多后人增以谬妄之说。蔡元定尝去其十二,而存其八。后世言地理之术者,此其祖矣。自近世大儒,考亭朱子以及蔡氏,莫不尊信其术,以谓夺神功、回天命,致力于人力之所不及,莫此为验,是固有不可废者矣。后世之为其术者,分为二宗:一曰宗庙之法,始于闽中,其源甚远,至宋王伋乃大行。其为说主于星卦,阳山阳向,阴山阴向,不相乖错,纯取五星八卦,以定生克之理。其学浙间传之,而今用之者甚鲜;一曰江西之法,肇于赣人杨筠松、曾文廸,及赖大有、谢子逸辈,尤精其学。其为说主于形势,原其所起,即其所止,以定位向,专指龙穴沙水之相配,而宅拘忌在所不论。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《五朝小说大观》,上海:上海扫叶山房民国十五年刊行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心9
<P> 按福建闽南一带主流的坟墓形制,墓丘是圆的,而墓室外表及墓庭是方的,人们俗称“龟 </P><P> 壳(甲)墓”,这种墓形在宋元时期应开始成形了。详情请参照:周星:《福建省の龜殼墓</P>
<P> と風水》,载《アジア遊学》第47号《風水の歴史と現代》,2003年1月,第46-54页;</P>
<P> 陈进国:《信仰、仪式与乡土社会:风水的历史人类学探索》第2章,北京:中国社会科</P>
<P> 学出版社,2005年,第199-243 页。</P>
<P> 地方志书猜测这种葬俗主要跟畲民的迁徙有关。据《中国民族文化大观·畲族篇》(北京:民族出版社,1999年,第170-172页)所录的丧葬资料略作说明。如明万历《永春县志》卷三《习俗》载,本地畲民“人死刳木纳尸,乃焚木拾骨浮葬之,将徙,取以去远”。清卞宝弟《闽峤輶轩录》亦载闽东霞浦畲民“人葬刳木纳尸其中,少长群相击节。主丧者盘旋四舞,乃焚木拾骨,轩诸罐,浮葬林麓闽,将徙则取以去”。清同治江西《贵溪县志》卷一四《杂类轶文》载,是地畲民“遭亲丧,舁棺至山麓火化之,拾其骨,请于主人求隙地葬,不起坟。主人恐其久而诈,平地以为坟地,督之令高,今已隆然起三四尺矣”。畲民后来采用的一次棺木土葬、停棺拾骨土葬、“拣金”拾骨二次葬,反而是受汉民土葬习俗和风水观念的深刻影响。如清乾隆《永春州志》卷七《风土志》载,当地畲民“近又与土民婚,并改其焚尸浮葬之习,亦足见一道同风之化云。”福安县东山《雷氏族谱》内《家训》载:“父母临终衣衾棺椁在所必备者,孝子之情也。刻今多有火葬之说,竟敢斫官而焚之,不孝之罪莫甚于此。此后族内人等葬具称家之有无,断不可以鞠育顾复之恩而为斫棺焚尸之惨,违者鸣官究治。”</P>
<P> 《福州市发现宋代砖墓一座》,载《考古参考资料》1956年第1期;《厦门岛首次发现宋 </P>
<P> 代火葬遗物》载《考古参考资料》1958年第1期;《泉州、南安发现宋代火葬墓》,《文物》</P>
<P> 1975年第3期。</P>
<P> 参见何炳棣:《读史阅世六十年》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年,第442页。</P>
<P> 所谓的“内立○○向”,指棺柩或骨灰罐安置的方位;“外立○○向”指墓碑的方位。</P>
<P> 《福州市发现宋代砖墓一座》,《文物参考资料》,1956年第1期。按北宋元丰年号起始年 </P>
<P> 份是公元1078年至1085年。</P>
<P> 张文奎:《福建南平店口宋墓》,《考古》1992年第5期。按南宋朝岁在壬子者为绍兴二</P>
<P> 年(1132)及绍熙三年(1192)。</P>
<P> 有关买地券习俗与武夷君信仰的关系问题,可参照陈进国:《福建买地券与武夷君信仰》,《台湾宗教研究通讯》,2002年第3期;陈进国:《信仰、仪式与乡土社会:风水的历史人 </P>
<P> 类学探索》第1章,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005年,第71-81页。</P>
<P> 如隋大业六年陶智洪买地券就有“维大业六年,太岁在庚午,二月癸巳朔,二十一日癸丑 </P>
<P> 斩草”等字样。(熊传新:《湖南湘阴隋大业六年墓》,《文物》1981年4期)</P>
<P> 北宋《重校定地理新书》卷十四“斩草建旄条”:“凡斩草日,不宜与葬月。凡斩草日,必丹书铁券埋地心。”(北京大学图书馆藏金刻本《续修四库全书》子部·术数类,第1054册,上海:上海古籍出版社,2002年,第112页)陈定荣:《南宋张君重四宜义地券》(《文物》1987年第2期)称:“青乌子曰:按鬼律,葬不斩草,买地,立券,谓之盗葬。” 明代刘春沂(福建建阳人氏)《刘氏家藏阐微通书》卷四《丧葬篇》(北京中国国家图书馆藏) 曰:“斩草破土,谓开车墓、掘金井、下砖等事。”</P>
<P> 陕西省考古研究所、延安地区文管会甘泉县文管所:《西延铁路甘泉段明清墓清理简报》,《考古与文物》1995年第2期。</P>
<P> 详文可参照陈进国:《金鸡鸣,玉犬吠——买地券/镇墓文之斩草日或葬日规律的统计分析,兼谈买地券/镇墓文的鉴别》,未刊稿。例如:</P>
<P> (1)敦煌文书伯2534号《阴阳历》卷十三《葬事》提到下述一些日子属吉日,例如:“冬择日第十一。十月立冬节。丙寅日,火平地下丙申,此日殡埋、启殡、斩草,吉。庚午日圡危地下庚辰,日金鸡鸣,玉狗吠。此日葬及殡埋有黑乌应,神灵安宁,子孙吉昌,启殡、发故、斩草、起圡,吉。角、羽二姓用之呼人凶。癸酉日(略——下同,引者注)……乙酉日……丁酉日……壬寅日……己酉日……乙卯日,水乏地下乙未,此日殡埋、启殡,吉。辛卯日木乏地下辛丑,月金鸡鸣,玉狗吠。此日葬及殡埋,神灵安宁,宜子孙富贵,大吉。启殡、发故、斩草、起圡,吉。宫、商二姓用之凶。” <BR></P>
福建“买地券”习俗考略——以考古材料为中心10
<P>(2)北宋王洙奉敕所修《重校地理全书》卷第十一《择日吉凶》(载《续修四库全书》[子部·术数类]第1054册,上海:上海古籍出版社,2002年):“凡葬年月既吉,然后须吉日吉时。择日之法,有三甲子。天上甲子起于人中甲申,次乙酉,枝干具须行。(一日,天上甲子起于人中甲辰。□癸卯支干俱遵行者葬也。)人中甲子,世所以历日者,枝干俱顺行。地下甲子起于人中甲戌,次乙酉,干顺而枝逆。萧氏云祭天及章醮用天上甲子,小筮推命寿用人中甲子,动土祭地用地卜甲子人中甲子通者吉。”庚午日、壬申日、癸酉日、壬午日、甲申日、乙酉日、庚寅日、丙申日、丁酉日、壬寅日、丙午日、己酉日、庚申日、辛酉日,“右一十四日金鸡鸣,玉犬吠,上下不相呼,大吉”。丙子日、庚子日、壬子日、乙卯日、辛卯日、丁卯日、癸卯日、丙寅日、甲午日、甲寅日,“右十日吕才以为虽金鸡不鸣,玉犬不吠,而与鸣吠之辰相对,故可用斩草、启故,或与月便用之殓殡、权厝,吉。” “金鸡鸣,玉犬吠,上下不呼。凡鸣吠日、鸣吠对日,若通主人本命正冲日、行年日、行年正冲日,并不可用,或遇同旬冲日,亦宜忌之。旧说金鸡鸣、玉犬吠,上下不相呼,或以为桃都山有大桃树,盘屈三千里,上有金鸡,下有二神,一名欎,一名垒,并执苇索可不祥之鬼,及天将旦,日照金鸡则大呜,天下众鸡悉从而鸣。金鸡鸣讫下食恶鬼,金鸡鸣,百鬼皆走避,故吉。按孙季邕曰:若言金鸡日照则鸣,无不鸣之日;若言鬼畏金鸡,所葬之灵亦同鬼道。此言妄矣。凡十二辰中鸣吠者四,惟寅午申酉是也。不鸣吠者八,丑未辰戌巳亥子卯是也。辰戌丑未者五行之墓,巳亥者为人中甲子,左行地下甲子,右行而会于巳亥之上,为重月凶事重凶。子卯相刑,母子无恩,惟与鸣吠之辰相对者可用斩草或与月便者兼得殓殡、启故,故言金鸡鸣玉犬吠者,乃先贤假饲其名耳。阳德比金之光辉,阴德象玉之润泽,故称金玉焉。寅午者火之位,阳之精,象日,日出天将曙,鸡能先知,故鸣而告人也,故曰金鸡鸣。金鸡主阳,阳唱即阴和,故云犬吠。申酉者金之位,阴之精,象月,月明则非人伏匿,犬性警遇,非人即吠,故云玉犬吠。玉犬主主阴,阴呼即阳应,故金鸡鸣。又言上下不相呼者,上言呼父母,下言呼子孙,其日阴阳相应,凶神即伏,何更得上下相呼邪?”((第75-76页)</P><P> (3)清修《四库四全书》所载《钦定协纪辨方书》卷五“鸣吠日”、“鸣吠对日”条亦引唐僧一行话说:“鸣吠者,五姓安葬之辰也。用之者得金鸡鸣,玉犬吠,上下相呼,亡灵安稳,子孙富昌。”“鸣吠对旦者,用之破土斩草也。”“神煞起例曰:金鸡鸣,玉犬吠,并鸣吠对日,相传始于郭公而定于邵子,举世用之。大葬日曰金鸡鸣,玉犬吠,小葬日曰鸣吠对。………盖生人之礼,属于阳;葬者藏也,属于阴。夫人身有生死,一世之阴阳也;四序有春秋,一岁之阴阳也;十二时有昼夜,一日之阴阳也。阳取乎阳,阴取乎阴,各从其类,道本自然耳。时日之阴阳分于日之出没。日出东方为阳生人之事也;日入西方为阴送终之事也。金鸡者酉为日入之门,玉犬者戌为闭物之会。” </P>
<P> 方诗铭:《从徐胜买地券论汉代‘地券’的鉴别》,《文物》1973年第5期;《再论‘地券’ </P>
<P> 的鉴别——答李寿冈先生》,《文物》1979年第8期。</P>
<P> 吴天颖:《汉代买地券考》,《考古学报》1982年第1期。</P>
<P> 比如,关于永寿二年(156)刘孟陵镇墓文涂改的问题。吴天颖谓“因故延期使用而涂改不 </P>
<P> 周所致”,“据《陈表》,永寿二年朔旦为己未非三月而是二月,是月小建,则三月当为戊 </P>
<P> 子朔;即使姑且按己未朔推算,廿二日亦当为庚辰而非己酉;倘按三月戊子朔,则廿二日</P>
<P> 正为己酉。”(《汉代买地券考》,《考古学报》1982年第1期)收藏者中村不折曰:“此瓮</P>
<P> 原为‘永寿二年二月己未朔十六日甲戌’所书者,后经篡改,……可以想见原为二月,使</P>
<P> 用者因故延至三月,于是‘二’上加一成‘三’,‘十六日甲戌’改为‘廿二日己酉’,但</P>
<P> 朔之‘己未’原封未动,故如此也。‘二’上加‘一’痕迹明显。二月系廿九日,其朔旦 </P>
<P> 始于已未终于丁亥,三月之朔为戊子,其廿二日正为己酉,悉合《长历》。”(转引自吴天</P>
<P> 颖《汉代买地券考》)议者未知为何券文要改动之因。其实,当时埋葬者很可能是意识到</P>
<P> 原所选二月之葬日未合鸣吠日,故改三月鸣吠日。</P>
<P> 据林中干《福建五代至宋代墓葬出土明器神煞考》(《福建文博》1990年第1期)载,福建 </P>
<P> 宋墓有陶瓷或石制的金鸡、玉犬俑,以起镇守幽宅之职能。</P>
<P> 庄为玑:《古刺桐港》,厦门:厦门大学出版社,1989年,第117-119页。</P>
<P> 福建省博物馆、三明市文管会:《福建三明市岩前村宋代壁画墓》,《考古》1995年第10期。</P>
<P> 福建省博物馆、将乐县文化局、博物馆:《福建将乐元代壁画墓》,《考古》1995年第1期。</P>
<P> 林忠干:《福建五代至宋代墓葬出土明器神煞考》,《福建文博》1990年第1期。</P>
<P> 巫鸿在分析墓中西王母形象的意义时指出:西王母无似环绕的随从,而只是面向画面外的观者(或现实中的信徒),这种构图是开放式的,其意义不仅在于画面的内容,而且必须依赖于偶像与观者(或信徒)之间的关系。(氏著:《礼仪中的美术:巫鸿中国古代美术史文编》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,第256、469页)</P>
<P> 陈定荣、徐建昌:《江西临川县宋墓》,《考古》1988年第4期。</P>
<P> 考古学界把此俑统称作“张仙人俑”,值得商榷,叫做“风水仙师俑”可能更妥当些。</P>
<P> [美]巫鸿:《礼仪中的美术:巫鸿中国古代美术史文编》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,第588页。</P>
<P> 米尔恰˙伊利亚德(Mircea Eliade)著,晏可佳、吴晓群、姚蓓琴译,《宗教思想史》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2004年,第101页。</P>
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试论赣南杨公风水术理气的河洛原理
<FONT size=2> 河图、洛书是中国风水术的一个重要理论依据,大多数风水流派都在理论和实际中运用它,“先天为体,后天为用”,乃是中国风水术的一个重要原则。<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: verdana"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ffe4e1">原载:赣南堪舆研究与应用,易海一黍原创:<A href="http://www.gannankanyu.com/" target=_blank><FONT color=#2b76b0>http://www.gannankanyu.com/</FONT></A>)</SPAN></SPAN></FONT><DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 但在河图洛书的具体用法上,不同的风水流派就各不相同了。对河图洛书中包含的象、数、理,有的流派偏重于象、数,理在其中;有的流派偏重于象、理,数在其中。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 以七十二龙为中心乘气为体,用天盘双山体系消砂纳水为用的杨公风水术是如何运用河图洛书原理的呢?是如何体现“先天为体,后天为用”的呢?这个问题,可能困扰了许多学者,明清时期的风水书,臆造了一个将风水流派分成形势派和理气派的错误说法,以至于现在还有人以为赣派风水术是不讲理气的。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: verdana"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ffe4e1">原载:赣南堪舆研究与应用,易海一黍原创:<A href="http://www.gannankanyu.com/" target=_blank><FONT color=#2b76b0>http://www.gannankanyu.com/</FONT></A>)</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 论形势,是不用罗盘的。寻龙点穴,讲的就是形势,也就是论龙穴砂水的形状和性质。而立向和消砂纳水,乃属于理气的范畴。立向和消砂纳水必须使用罗盘。风水罗盘的主要用途就是理气,罗盘是风水理气的工具,使用罗盘的过程,就是理气的过程。</FONT></SPAN><FONT size=2></FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 杨公通过长期的风水实践,发现用二十四山阴阳龙格龙立向与风水实际之间存在重大误差,根据河图洛书的原理,采用六十甲子纳音理论,将六十甲子合理地分配在罗盘上,创制了七十二龙,用于格龙立向,同时创制了天盘双山体系用于消砂纳水,从而将中国风水术推进到一个新的里程碑。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: verdana"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ffe4e1">原载:赣南堪舆研究与应用,易海一黍原创:<A href="http://www.gannankanyu.com/" target=_blank><FONT color=#2b76b0>http://www.gannankanyu.com/</FONT></A>)</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 七十二龙,初看起来,是天干地支体系,好像与河洛无关。但只要认真地研究七十二龙的真实含义,就会明白,河图即在其中。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 河图天一生水,地二生火,地三生木,地四生金,地五生土,分居四方。北方一水,南方二火,西方三金,东方四木,五土坐居中央。中央土为太极点,杨公认为水从土中来,土乃水之母,母子同宫,故不用五,将五寄于一,只用金木水火四局。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 七十二龙的分配,基于这样一个立论之上:风水的本质是“乘生气”,而生气流行于土中。土属于地系统,所以杨公首重用于反映地系统的十二地支,以地支为主,以一干维辅二地支。从壬山兼子开始分配六十甲子,在八干四维下中间五度留一空白,围绕十二地支顺顺时针行五圈,六十甲子正好分配完毕。七十二龙法用六十甲子的纳音五行属性来表达龙的五行属性。八干四维正针无六十甲子,称为空亡龙。但空亡龙并非真空,只是没有六十甲子而已。空亡龙也有其固定的五行属性,八干四维五度内主要分布的是天干之气,所含地气随兼针多少而异。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 八卦方位五行,北方壬子癸属水,东北丑艮寅属土,东方甲卯乙属木,东南辰巽巳属木,南方丙午丁属火,西南未坤申属土,西方庚酉辛属金,西北戌乾亥属金。二十四山正五行,亥壬子癸属水,丑艮属土,寅甲卯乙属木,辰属土,巽属木,巳丙午丁属火,未坤属土,申庚酉辛属金,戌属土,乾属金。这种五行的分配与五行之气的实际分布情况是不相符合的。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 因为,地球表面上的任何一个地方都有五行的存在,五行是无处不有的。按照八卦五行的分配,北方属水。但在实际上,北方不仅有水,也有木,也有火,也有金;东方不仅有木,同样也有金、水、火;南方、西方同样是金、木、水、火同具。五行齐全的地方,才可能有高级生命的存在,人才有可能在那里安居乐业、繁衍生息!五行不齐全的地方,高级生物就无法完成正常的生长发育,无法正常生活。所以,八卦五行、二十四山五行,所反映的只是五行的大体状态,不是五行的实际分布状况。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 杨公创制的七十二龙,每个地支下都分配有金木水火土,也就是在每个地支下都分配了一个河图!这个创造,真正体现了物物一太极的原理,采用的乃是河图理论的精髓。杨公风水术以七十二龙为核心进行格龙立向和消砂纳水,说明杨公风水术是以河图为风水之体的。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 河图表面上看起来只有四局,而实际用八局。这是为什么呢?</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 大家知道,河图数中单数为阳,偶数为阴,北方一为阳水,与中五合成六,六属阴水;东方三是阳木,八为阴木;南方二是阴火,七为阳火;西方四是阴金,九为阳金。土居中央,为太极点,为中心。但东南西北四方皆有土的成分,所以叫“五土四备”。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2> 由此可见,河图四象各有阴阳,水二、火二、木二、金二,四阴四阳,这就是杨公风水术总体上是四大局,但实际用阴阳八局的理论依据。</FONT></SPAN></DIV><FONT size=2>
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<DIV align=left><BR><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 洛书和八卦由河图所生,对应于河图来说,洛书和八卦则属后天范畴了。洛书九宫和八卦,虽数有八或九,但其吉凶之理全在五行之中。东方3震木与东南4巽木皆属木,西方7兑金与6乾金皆属金,将五行属性相同的卦合并,无论是洛书也好,八卦也好,其本质只有五大类,也就是五行。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: verdana"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ffe4e1">原载:赣南堪舆研究与应用,易海一黍原创:<A href="http://www.gannankanyu.com/" target=_blank><FONT color=#2b76b0>http://www.gannankanyu.com/</FONT></A>)</SPAN></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 五行乃后天之物,有生必有死,阳生阴死,阴生阳死的生旺休囚死循环,乃是世界上万事万物不可抗拒的普遍规律,方位五行同样遵循这个基本规律。杨公风水术消砂纳水以河图四局阴阳长生十二宫为基本方法,是对洛书八卦原理的活用。</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 天盘双山体系,同样以十二地支为主。但与地盘两干维辅一支不同,天盘一干维辅一地支,壬子双山的正中,就是地盘的子山正中,壬子实际上就是子山;癸丑双山之中为丑,癸丑实际上就是丑山;甲寅双山的正中就是寅,甲寅就是寅山;......。就是说,天盘是以十二地支的本气论五行的。亥为阳木甲之长生宫,寅为阳火丙之长生宫,巳为阳金庚之长生宫,申为阳水壬之长生宫;午为阴木乙之长生宫,酉为阴火丁之长生宫,子为阴金辛之长生宫,卯为阴水癸之长生宫,辰、戌、丑、未则分别为水、火、金、木的四大墓库。杨公风水术在消砂纳水即理气时,采用反映世界万事万物生旺囚死基本规律的长生十二宫来分别旺衰,所体现的正是洛书和八卦的原理。</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 杨公风水术理气方法归结为“乙丙交而趋戌,辛壬会而趋辰,斗牛纳丁庚之气,金羊收癸甲之灵。”此中之“乙”,不是指东方甲卯乙中的乙山,而是指阴木局而言,也就是河图的八木;其中之“丙”,不是指二十四山之丙山,而是指阳火局,也就是河图数的七火。乙与丙的墓库都是戌。同理,其中的辛,是指阴金局,就是河图数的四金,壬是指阳水局,就是河图的一水,两者的墓库都是辰;丁是指阴火局,即河图数的二火,庚是指阳金局,即河图数的九金,两者的墓库都是丑;癸是指阴水局,即河图数的六水,甲是指阳木局,即河图数的三木,两者的墓库都是未。</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left> 由于长生十二宫乃后天事物的生灭规律,是故河图四大局理气当用后天洛书之数相配,见下图:<B></B><BR><IMG onclick="if(this.width>=700) window.open('http://chaoyiwan.com/bbs/attachment/Mon_0711/9_2_6c0d4302813646f.jpg');" src="http://chaoyiwan.com/bbs/attachment/Mon_0711/9_2_6c0d4302813646f.jpg" onload="if(this.width>'700')this.width='700';if(this.height>'700')this.height='700';" border=0></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 乙木生在午,旺在寅,墓在戌;丙火生在寅,旺在午,墓在戌。乙木和丙火之气机运行的结果拥有一个共同的墓库——戌。两者气机运行此生彼死,气机运行的方向一左旋一右旋相对运行,最后归于同一个墓库中,所以才说“乙丙交而趋戌”。乙木和丙火,一代表龙,一代表水,则乙龙必配丙水,丙龙必配乙水,“辛”龙必配“壬”水,“壬”龙必配“辛”水;“丁”龙必配“庚”水,“庚”龙必配“丁”水;“癸”龙必配“甲”水,“甲”水必配“癸”水。才是真夫妇,才是龙水阴阳交媾。要注意,杨公创制的七十二龙阴阳,非一些风水书上所说的那种人为指定的阴阳,而是指天地之真阴阳。</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 河图、洛书不但是描述空间场的数学模型,也是描述时间场的数学模型,时间场和空间场是互相联系、互辅互成的。在现存宇宙里,时间和空间是不可分离的,没有脱离时间的空间场,也没有脱离空间而单独存在的时间场。杨公风水术灵活应用了河洛的基本原理,其理气原理和方法巧妙地将时间场和空间场有机地联系在一起,根本不是象某些人所说的“固守五运盘”那么简单。</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV align=left><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"> 由此可知,河洛理论是杨公风水术理气理论之基础。虽然杨公术没有直接用河洛八卦的名词,河洛八卦之理却贯穿于杨公风水术理气的全过程。<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: verdana"><SPAN style="COLOR: #ffe4e1">原载:赣南堪舆研究与应用,易海一黍原创:<A href="http://www.gannankanyu.com/" target=_blank><FONT color=#2b76b0>http://www.gannankanyu.com/</FONT></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></DIV><BR></FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: #000000"><FONT size=2>(易海一黍2005年七月作于草庐)</FONT></SPAN>
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